VVC Resources News & Updates

VVC Grants Options

Mon, 20 Apr 2026 15:08:23 GMT

TORONTO, April 20, 2026 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, (“VVC”), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following:

Option Grant

The Directors granted incentive stock options under its stock option plan, to officers, directors and consultants of the Company, to purchase up to an aggregate of 14,750,000 common shares, representing 2.58% of the outstanding shares of the Company. The stock options are exercisable at a price of CA$0.05 per share expiring April 20, 2036. Twenty five percent (25%) of the options granted will vest immediately with the remaining vesting at 25% every six months. The exercise price was fixed at the minimum allowable price by the TSX Venture Exchange policies. The options, granted in accordance with the provisions of the Company's stock option plan, are subject to the TSX Venture Exchange policies and the applicable securities laws. Of the Options granted, 32.2% were to Directors, 37.3% to Officers, 18.6% to Employees and 11.9% to Consultants of the Company.

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Gold & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com.

Neither TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

VVC – Strategic Exit of Gloria Copper Project in Mexico

Tue, 18 Nov 2025 14:31:00 GMT

TORONTO, Nov. 18, 2025 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources ("VVC" or the "Company") (TSX-V: VVC; OTC: VVCVF) announces that, after a project review, it has strategically restructured its mining projects in Mexico.

This project review encompassed multiple considerations, including ongoing maintenance costs, permitting authorizations, political climate, safety, upside potential and financeability of each project and probability of achieving the projects potential.

After this review, the Company has decided to:

Exit the Gloria Copper Project located near Samalayuca, State of Chihuahua, Mexico. This long-standing project of the Company is expensive to maintain and is in an area that has become more politically volatile with uncertain safety. The geological potential of the project is not in question, but the ability to achieve that potential is unclear.

Focus all mining exploration activity on the Cumeral Gold Project. Cumeral is the Company’s highly prospective gold project in north central Sonora Mexico. This project, while not as advanced as the Gloria Copper Project, has a huge upside potential. It is in an area where there is strong local support for the project and a higher likelihood of permitting and implementation success. The Cumeral Gold Project is a 1,665-hectare property in northern Sonora near Imuris which exhibits quartz-vein–hosted gold in a detachment-fault/orogenic setting with a documented NNW–SSE mineralized trend of ~4 km. Historical work reported that ~36% of 407 grab/chip samples assayed 0.1–10 g/t Au; soil surveys outlined additional anomalies (47 samples >0.020 ppm Au); and air-track drilling intersected broad, near-surface intervals of 0.21–0.44 g/t Au over 6–26 m in key target areas. The Company will continue activities on the Cumeral Gold Project.

Rationale and Next Steps

The Company’s decision reflects consideration of cost discipline, safety and risk management. The exit from the Gloria Copper Project will reduce future cash outlays for care, maintenance, and permitting at amid uncertainty over permit viability and broader political conditions in Chihuahua State. Capital and management resources will be reallocated to the Cumeral Gold Project exploration, and to development of the Company’s helium/natural gas project in the Central Kansas Uplift (CKU) Project where existing infrastructure and near-term activities offer a clearer path to execution.

« There are opportunity costs in every project, » said Jim Culver, CEO. « Exiting the Gloria Copper Project will allow the Company to concentrate resources on projects with an obvious direct and timely route to advancing development while maintaining discipline on risk and spending. »

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Gold & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com.

VVC – Purchase of Ithaca 1-17 Well and 5 Mile Pipeline

Thu, 09 Oct 2025 20:18:53 GMT

TORONTO, Oct. 09, 2025 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources ("VVC" or the "Company") (TSX-V: VVC; OTC: VVCVF) announces that Plateau Helium Corporation ("PHC"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, has completed the purchase of the Ithaca 1-17 well together with approximately five miles of associated pipeline located in Rush county, Kansas in a prolific helium, gas and oil area known as the Central Kansas Uplift (CKU). The acquisition was initiated in April 2025 and PHC took possession in July 2025. As previously disclosed in our May 30, June 26 and September 2025 MD&As, PHC has a 50% operating interest in the well.

The CKU Project targets helium-rich natural gas within multiple stacked reservoirs in Rush and Pawnee Counties, Kansas, where PHC has now assembled a meaningful lease position, acquired one producing property (Ithaca 1-17) and associated gas gathering system, and identified multiple development well locations. The acquisition of an existing gas gathering system serves to lower initial development cost while expediting the time needed to commence gas/helium sales and provide cashflow.

« Building on a producing asset while securing midstream capacity is a practical way to de-risk our development program in the CKU, » said Bill Kerrigan, President of VVC and PHC. « The Ithaca 1-17 well and pipeline give us a backbone to bring wells online more efficiently. »

About VVC Resources

VVC – Commencement of Central Kansas Uplift Project

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 12:35:06 GMT

TORONTO, Sept. 29, 2025 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources ("VVC" or the "Company") (TSX-V: VVC; OTC: VVCVF) today announces its strategic development of the Central Kansas Uplift ("CKU") Project, an initiative being advanced through VVC’s wholly owned subsidiary, Plateau Helium Corporation ("PHC"). The CKU Project targets helium-rich natural gas within multiple stacked reservoirs in Rush and Pawnee Counties, Kansas, where PHC has assembled a meaningful lease position and identified multiple well development locations. The CKU Project is a very mature exploration area with thousands of historic wells drilled. These wells provide a tremendous volume of geologic, engineering, and production data that is used to guide and de-risk PHC’s development plans.

The project overlies the Central Kansas Uplift, an area with historical helium concentrations ranging from 1.5%–6%. Geologically, there are areas within the CKU that consist of up to eight stacked helium-rich reservoir zones with typical well depths of 2,500–5,000 feet. The Company has leased 10,875 acres of an area of interest (AOI). The AOI has 160 potential drilling locations. The CKU area provides existing midstream infrastructure as evidenced by multiple gas pipelines, processing facilities and a helium liquefier that are all located within PHC’s AOI.

"In CKU, we are aligning subsurface opportunities with existing midstream access," said Chairman Terrence Martell, Ph. D. "The combination of stacked zones, documented helium in historic gas and oil wells, and existing pipelines provides a practical pathway to add wells methodically while managing capital intensity."

Development is planned in phases that prioritize additional wells and processing access, while evaluating further lease expansion within the CKU fairway.

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

Insider Loan to Corporation

Mon, 15 Sep 2025 14:35:04 GMT

TORONTO, Sept. 15, 2025 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, (“VVC”), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following events.

Loan from Chairman

VVC’s Chairman of the Board, Terrence Martell Ph.D. (the “Lender”), has provided a US$700,000 loan (the "Loan") to VVC’s subsidiary, Plateau Helium Corp., for use in operating and developing its Helium/PNG assets in Kansas, USA. The Loan, secured by a Promissory Note, is payable on demand and bears no interest. The Loan contains a conversion option whereby, at the sole option and discretion of the Lender, all or any portion of the outstanding principal amount can be settled with up to 230,000 shares of Cyber App Solutions (CRYB) at a price of US$3.09 per share.

Director Resignation

Mr. Steven Looper has resigned as a director of the Company for personal reasons and his resignation was accepted by the Board with regret. VVC would like to thank Mr. Looper, who served the Company as director since September 2023. Jim Cuver, VVC CEO commented, that « VVC regrets Steve’s decision to leave the Board of Directors, but we understand the pressure for him to do so as he drives Proton Green to become a major player in both the helium and beverage CO2 production. Steve, we wish you all the best and stand ready to help you in any way we can. » No replacement director has yet been appointed. The vacancy will most likely be filled in the months to come or at the next shareholders’ meeting before the end of the year.

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

VVC Appoints New President & Grants Options

Tue, 18 Mar 2025 12:15:35 GMT

TORONTO, March 18, 2025 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, (“VVC”), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following:

Appointment of Officers

The Directors appointed Mr. Bill Kerrigan as President and Chief Operating Officer of VVC. Mr. Kerrigan will continue to be President of Plateau Helium Corporation. Mr. James A. Culver will remain as CEO of VVC.

VVC Chairman, Terrence Martell, commented, "As a representative of Management and the Board, I extend heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Culver for his years of service as President. I also welcome Mr. Kerrigan to his new role as President and I am confident that he will provide positive momentum for VVC."

Option Grant

The Directors also granted incentive stock options under its stock option plan, to officers, directors and consultants of the Company, to purchase up to an aggregate of 15,700,000 common shares, representing 2.74% of the outstanding shares of the Company. The stock options are exercisable at a price of CA$0.05 per share expiring March 17, 2035. 25% of the options granted will vest immediately with the remaining vesting at 25% every six months. The exercise price was fixed at the minimum allowable price by the TSX Venture Exchange policies. The options, granted in accordance with the provisions of the Company's stock option plan, are subject to the TSX Venture Exchange policies and the applicable securities laws. Of the Options granted, 41.1% were to Directors, 30.3% to Officers and 28.7% to Employees/Consultants of the Company.

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com.

Results of VVC Annual Shareholders’ Meeting

Thu, 05 Dec 2024 14:40:50 GMT

TORONTO, Dec. 05, 2024 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, (“VVC”), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following:

Shareholders’ Meeting

The Company’s Annual General Meeting of Shareholders (“AGM”) took place virtually yesterday with 34 attendees (shareholders and guests). Total attendance in person and by proxy was 137 shareholders representing about 51.4% of the outstanding shares. At the AGM, shareholders approved the election of all Directors proposed by Management with over 90% of the tendered votes being in favor, and the re-appointment of MNP LLP as auditors of the Company with all of the tendered votes being in favor.

The formal business session of the AGM was chaired by the Chairman of the Board, Terrence Martell. A Presentation and Q&A Session followed, whereby the President and CEO of the Company, Jim Culver, updated the attendees on the status of the Company and answered questions from shareholders. The Presentation at the AGM will be posted on the Company website.

Appointment of Officers

Following the AGM, the Directors reappointed the following executive officers for VVC and the Chairman of the Board of Directors:

Jim Culver, President and CEO
Terrence Martell, Chairman of the Board
Kevin Barnes, Chief Financial Officer
Michel Lafrance, Secretary-Treasurer
Bill Kerrigan, President of Plateau Helium Corporation.

In addition, the directors also appointed directors to the Company’s standing committees and a Chairman for each Committee.

VVC Chairman, Terrence Martell, commented, “As a representative of Management and the Board, I extend heartfelt gratitude to our shareholders for their support over the past year. We eagerly anticipate the opportunity to continue serving you in the coming year.”

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

Summit Carbon Solutions’ CO2 pipeline approved in Iowa

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 16:46:20 GMT

By Molly Burgess

The Iowa Utilities Board (IUB) has approved Summit Carbon Solutions base pipeline project that will span around 688 miles and capture and store 12 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually.

Summit Carbon Solutions’ project has seen extensive scrutiny in the US state previously. The IUB carried out an extensive review process over the last 34 months, which was made up of 33 public informational meetings, a public hearing, and a review of around 50,000 pages, among other processes.

Post-review, the IUB unanimously found that Summit Carbon Solutions met the requirements of Iowa Code Chapter 479B and that the pipeline will provide a service that is in the public convenience and necessity.

In reaching its decision, the IUB applied a statutory balancing test, which found the public benefits of the project outweigh the private a public costs with the terms and conditions imposed by the IUB.

Before Summit Carbon Solutions starts construction, it must file proof of general liability insurance policy of no less than $100m to cover any damages related to the construction, operation, and maintenance of its Iowa pipeline.

Summit Carbon Solutions is also not allowed to begin construction in Iowa until it has obtained approval from North Dakota for the route and sequestration site and approval from South Dakota for the route.

The company has submitted a revised pipeline permit application to the North Dakota Public Service Commission, addressing previously raised concerns related to it its planned carbon capture pipeline.

Earlier this year, it was reported that Summit Carbon Solutions had secured 80% of the necessary right-of-way for the project. This highlighted its effort to adjust the pipeline route and take the state’s requests into consideration.

In September 2023, the South Dakota Public Utilities Commission (PC) denied Summit Carbon Solutions’ permit application. Since the rejection, Summit Carbon Solutions has announced plans to re-apply for the permit.

Lee Blank, CEO of Summit Carbon Solutions, said, “The momentum will continue as we prepare to file our South Dakota permit application in early July. We look forward to engaging with the state throughout this process and are confident in a successful outcome.”

Summit Carbon Solutions is partnering with 57 ethanol plants across five states and has signed voluntary easement agreements with 75% of Iowa landowners along this route. The company has said it will continue to work with landowners.

VVC – Extension of Series AG Warrants

Wed, 25 Sep 2024 15:54:55 GMT

TORONTO, Sept. 25, 2024 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, (" VVC " or the " Company ") announces the following:

Warrant Extension

VVC has applied to the TSX Venture Exchange (“TSXV”) for a 1-year extension for 57,567,800 Series AG share purchase warrants (“warrants”) presently expiring on September 30, 2024. The warrants, exercisable at $0.075 per share, were issued pursuant to a Private Placement in September 2020 with a 3-year expiry and were extended last September for an additional year. The warrants have been out-of-the-money for some time. If approved by the TSXV, the warrants will expire on September 30, 2025.

Annual General Meeting of Shareholders

The Annual General Meeting of shareholders (the "AGM") will be held virtually on December 4, 2024, at 11:00 am (ET), with a Record Date of October 21, 2024. Following the mailing of Proxy Material to shareholders around October 29, shareholders will be able to download the Proxy Material, including the Information Circular Booklet, from www.sedarplus.ca and/or from the Company’s website at: www.vvcresources.com/shareholders-meeting.

The deadline for Proxy Voting will be 11:00 am (ET) on December 3, 2024, however shareholders are encouraged to vote early. Registered Shareholders will be allowed to vote in-person at the AGM using their Control Numbers. All other shareholders, NOBOs and OBOs, are required to vote by proxy at least 24 hours in advance.

Following the formal business session, management will update the Company’s activities and projects, and will be available to answer questions from shareholders, subject to Securities Laws regarding "Selective Disclosure".

"We look forward to meeting our shareholders at the AGM," said Terry Martell, Chairman of VVC. "We will be providing an update on our projects and investments."

About VVC Resources
VVC is engaged in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

Neither TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

Air Products could ‘deprive’ companies of privately-owned helium access, says Messer

Wed, 25 Sep 2024 15:15:25 GMT

By Molly Burgess

Messer Americas has said that fellow industrial gas giant Air Products could deprive numerous third parties’ access to privately-owned helium stored at the Federal Helium System.

This comes as Messer Helium Cliffside LLC (MHC) has been granted a temporary restraining order to prevent the shutdown of the former Federal Helium System that it recently acquired from the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM).

Prior to the temporary restraining order, the BLM’s lease of the crude helium enrichment unit (CHEU) from Cliffside Refiners Limited Partnership (CRLP) was set to expire on 11th August.

The CHEU is the central piece of machinery that extracts and processes helium from the Helium System.

Without an extension, Messer could have been forced to shut down the BLM system, removing a large amount of product from the market.

‘Unable to reach a commercial solution’

Messer and the Cliffside Refiners Limited Partnership (CRLP) must return to court later this month (23rdAugust), when it will be decided if a preliminary injunction will be granted to give Messer time to negotiate a new lease with the CRLP.

Two of the three CRLP partners support Messer’s continued access to the Crude Helium Enrichment Unit (CHEU) but MHC said in a statement it has not been able to reach a reasonable commercial solution with Air Products, the third partner.

“By impeding MHC’s ability to operate the CHEU, Air Products could deprive numerous third parties’ access to their privately-owned helium stored in the system,” it added.

Air Products has previously raised concerns about the impact of the Federal Helium Reserve, having filed a lawsuit in the Northern District of Texas requesting to enjoin the US Department of the Interior, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and the GSA from proceeding with the sale.

At the time, private industry, which collectively has a large quantity of crude helium stored in the BLM and operates four helium-refining facilities that rely on the BLM system for delivery of feedgas, had been lobbying to postpone or cancel the asset sale.

However, even with Messer’s ownership of the system confirmed, there still seems to be friction between the partners, which could impact the wider market, says Messer.

The restraining order granted by the 108th District Court in Amarillo, Texas, on 7th August has temporarily averted disruption to the domestic helium supply chain. The court’s decision later this month will be crucial for future operations and negotiations.

MHC said it ‘welcomes the opportunity’ to explain to the Court at the upcoming hearing why its continued access to the CHEU is critical to protect the stability of the domestic helium market and the needs of helium users in several major industrial sectors.

Chris Ebeling, Executive Vice-President of Sales and Marketing at Messer Americas, noted the importance of helium for many critical industries that this could impact. “Without helium, MRI machines cannot run, semiconductor chips cannot be made, and space rockets cannot launch. Not to mention national defence, and economic security could be impacted, as the largest foreign suppliers of helium (Qatar and Russia) are subject to disruption by geopolitical events and trade restrictions.”

gas world has reached out to Air Products for comment and is awaiting a response.

Silver vs. Stocks: Comparing Performance During Recessions

Fri, 16 Aug 2024 18:38:31 GMT

By Bruno Venditti

Silver vs. Stocks: Comparing Performance During Recessions

Historically, silver has been an alternative to traditional investments like stocks and bonds.

Amid the recent wave of bank failures and rising interest rates, many investors sought the metal, making prices jump .

But has silver helped investors weather recessionary storms in the past? The above graphic uses data from Macrotrends to highlight silver’s price movements during recessions and compares it to changes in the S&P 500.

Silver Price During Recessions

Like gold, silver’s value comes from its scarcity as a precious metal. Silver, however, has a higher industrial use, from electronics and medical applications to batteries and solar panels.

Additionally, the silver market is much smaller than the gold market, making it a much more volatile asset.

The metal saw its biggest price drop in 1980 when it tumbled over 56% after the Hunt brothers , who controlled over half of the world’s privately owned silver, failed in an attempt to corner the market and were forced to sell after a rise in margin requirements.

Silver prices plummeted again during the 1990s recession before a steady recovery that culminated in an all-time high reached in 2011, three years after the 2007-2008 Financial Crisis.

Over the last five decades, silver has only outperformed the S&P 500 in three of eight recessions: 1973, 1981 and 2007.

As of March 2023, the silver nominal price was down 6.1% while the S&P500 was down 3.3%.

Silver Price in 2023

Over the next months, silver demand is expected to rise, supporting the price. Silver’s industrial market could be lifted from further gains in vehicle electrification and governments’ expanding commitment to green infrastructure, according to the Silver Institute .

However, if the economic scenario worsens and industrial users of silver reduce their output, the metal may face some headwinds.

Visualized: The EV Mineral Shortage

Wed, 14 Aug 2024 14:04:38 GMT

By Tessa Di Grandi Graphics & Design Zack Aboulazm

How Mineral Supply Will Change EV Forecasts

Did you know that EVs need up to six times more minerals than conventional cars?

EVs are mineral-intensive and are pushing up demand for critical battery metals. According to the International Energy Agency ( IEA ), lithium, nickel, and cobalt demand is expected to grow from 10%-20% to over 80% by 2030.

As countries around the world pledge to go all-electric by 2035 and 2040, do we have enough mineral supply for EV demand?

Factors such as geopolitical concentration of resources, quality of materials, mining industry lead times, and environmental factors will together determine whether we have the minerals we need.

Let’s take a look at how critical minerals are affected.

Recycling is a partial solution to alleviate critical mineral supply but will fall short of meeting the high levels of demand until around the 2030s.

The EV Supply Chain

Currently, the resources for EV batteries are concentrated in very few countries. This concentration is an increasing concern for supply chain distribution.

China is home to more than half of the world’s lithium, cobalt, and graphite processing and refining capacity, as well as three-quarters of all lithium-ion battery production capacity.

Europe accounts for more than one-quarter of worldwide EV assembly, but home to very little of the supply chain, with the region’s cobalt processing share accounting for 20% of the mix.

Meanwhile, both Korea and Japan control a sizable portion of the downstream supply chain after raw material processing. Korea accounts for 15% of worldwide cathode material production capacity. Japan produces 14% of cathode and 11% of anode material.

The United States accounts for just 10% of EV production and 7% of battery production capacity.

U.S. Department of Energy Announces $52.5 Million to Catalyze Commercial Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology

Mon, 12 Aug 2024 13:41:29 GMT

Funding from President Biden’s Investing in America agenda will drive technology innovation and commercialization to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions

WASHINGTON, D.C. – The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) today announced up to $52.5 million, made available through President Biden’s Investing in America agenda , to advance carbon dioxide removal technologies that reduce legacy carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) pollution by removing it directly from the atmosphere to counter-balance emissions from hard-to-abate sectors, such as aviation and shipping.

Carbon dioxide removal is a key component for achieving the Biden-Harris Administration’s historic climate and clean energy agenda. The American-Made Commercial Direct Air Capture Pilot Prize, funded by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, will support the development and deployment of direct air capture pilot projects that have demonstrated commercial readiness. This will help advance the industry, create meaningful and well-paying jobs, increase private investment, and help deliver the benefits of climate investments to the communities that host clean energy projects.

“Achieving our ambitious climate goals requires the rapid scale-up of carbon dioxide removal technologies,” said Brad Crabtree, Assistant Secretary of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management . “Today DOE is launching the Commercial Direct Air Capture Pilot Prize—the latest in a suite of programs that provide groundbreaking support to help de-risk and demonstrate commercial viability of direct air capture technology with the ultimate goal of industry deployment.”

Commercial Direct Air Capture Pilot Prize Now Accepting Applications

The Commercial Direct Air Capture Pilot Prize supports technology developers that design, build, commission, and operate innovative direct air capture pilot facilities capable of capturing at least 500 tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year.

The prize will provide up to $52.5 million to participants as they successfully achieve design, development, and deployment milestones over the course of four phases: Concept, Engineer, Permit, and Operate. Winning teams will be eligible to win up to $12 million each for successfully navigating the phases and ultimately operating a pilot direct air capture system for at least 2,000 hours. Competitors will also demonstrate their potential to contribute to, or participate in, the Regional Direct Air Capture Hubs program. This Bipartisan Infrastructure Law program will develop four domestic direct air capture hubs that will each demonstrate a direct air capture technology or suite of technologies at a commercial scale, with the potential for capturing at least 1 million tonnes of CO ₂ annually.

Private entities (for- or non-profits); non-federal government entities such as states, counties, Tribes, and municipalities; and academic institutions that meet requirements are eligible to apply for the Commercial Direct Air Capture Pilot Prize.

Phase 1 of the Commercial Direct Air Capture Pilot Prize is currently accepting applications through February 7, 2025.

DOE’s Direct Air Capture Prizes

The American-Made Direct Air Capture Prizes , sponsored by FECM and administered by DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory, support direct air capture technology advancement for decarbonization with a focus on incorporating environmental justice, community benefits planning and engagement, equity, and workforce development. This group of prizes consists of separate but related competitions that work together to advance the full suite of carbon dioxide removal technologies from ideas to market-ready, scalable, and impactful commercialization.

The Commercial Direct Air Capture Prize will offer up to $100 million in prizes and technical assistance through two competition tracks: the Commercial Direct Air Capture Pilot Prize announced today, and the Carbon Dioxide Removal Purchase Pilot Prize , launched September 2023. DOE recently announced 24 semifinalists to receive a total of $1.2 million under the first phase of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Purchase Pilot Prize.

The prize suite also includes the Pre-Commercial Energy Program for Innovation Clusters Prize and Pre-Commercial Technology Prize, both launched in March 2023.

Learn more about the Commercial Direct Air Capture Prize on the American-Made Challenges website . View the Commercial Direct Air Capture Pilot Prize Track Official Prize Rules and follow updates on upcoming information webinars and other resources on the prize’s HeroX page .

FECM minimizes environmental and climate impacts of fossil fuels and industrial processes while working to achieve net-zero emissions across the U.S. economy. Priority areas of technology work include carbon capture, carbon conversion, carbon dioxide removal, carbon dioxide transport and storage, hydrogen production with carbon management, methane emissions reduction, and critical minerals production. To learn more, visit the FECM website , sign up for FECM news announcements, and visit the National Energy Technology Laboratory website .

Visualizing All the Known Copper in the World

Thu, 08 Aug 2024 14:28:19 GMT

The following content is sponsored by Trilogy Metals .

Visualizing All the Known Copper in the World

Copper has many important applications in the modern economy. From smartphones and cars, to homes and hospitals, we use the metal almost everywhere, especially with renewable energy.

Often, consumers take for granted the accessibility to modern technology without the thought of where the materials come from or their impact on the environment. The world and its resources are finite and confined by both geography and the technology used to extract resources.

As governments and economies struggle to achieve a sustainable balance between humanity’s material impact and the health of the planet, knowing the availability of resources will become a critical pivot for achieving and maintaining that balance.

Copper is one such resource—and today’s graphic from Trilogy Metals outlines all the copper ever mined and what known resources still exist on Earth.

Are we running out of copper?

Above Ground Copper Resources

The production of mined copper has increased dramatically over the last two decades, From 9.8 million metric tons in 1995 to 20 million metric tons in 2019, a 104% rise over 25 years.

A total of 700 million metric tons of copper have been mined throughout history. Based on the 2019 average price of $6,042/metric ton, that’s worth $4.2 trillion—more than the value of Apple and Amazon combined.

Chile has been the source of the majority of the world’s copper and the biggest copper mining nation. Together, Chile, Peru, and China account for 48% of current global copper production.

Source: USGS

As we enter the era of renewable energy, electric vehicles, and see more global economic growth, the demand for copper will continue to rise. In fact, the Copper Alliance projects an increase of 50% in just the next 20 years.

Are We Running Out of Copper? Not So Soon

Although a large chunk of the Earth’s copper is already above ground, there’s still more to mine.

According to the USGS , identified copper resources amount to 2.1 billion metric tons, with a further 3.5 billion metric tons in undiscovered resources.

At current production rates, it would take about 105 years for us to use all of it and this does not even account for recycling or new discoveries. Copper is 100% recyclable, and nearly all of the 700 million metric tons of mined copper is still in circulation. With this in mind, it’s safe to say that we won’t be running out of copper anytime soon.

Despite copper’s apparent abundance, the red metal is expensive to actually get out of the ground. As a result, the supply of copper has often fallen short in meeting its rising demand. This, in addition to falling resource grades in Chile, the largest producer of copper, emphasizes the need for new discoveries and mines.

While there are known reserves of copper above the ground, the Earth remains largely unexplored because of the inability to explore for minerals in the depths of the oceans and other planets. As the readily available supply of copper becomes scarce, the incentive to mine currently uneconomic copper increases.

A Mineral Intense Future

Most consumers take the immediate availability of materials such as copper and other metals for granted, with little thought about whether there is enough.

But it’s important to remember that these materials are as finite as the dimensions of the Earth. In this material world, understanding what is and what is not available is critical for a sustainable future here on Earth.

Lithium Consumption Has Nearly Quadrupled Since 2010

Mon, 05 Aug 2024 16:12:10 GMT

By Govind Bhutada Graphics/Design: Rosey Eason

Lithium Consumption Has Nearly Quadrupled Since 2010

Lithium is well-known as one of the key materials behind the lithium-ion batteries that power electronic devices, electric vehicles, and energy storage technologies.

Because of its role in clean energy technologies, lithium demand hasn’t only increased, it has transformed. From primarily being used for ceramics, battery demand has taken over global lithium consumption and driven an almost four-fold increase since 2010.

The Impact of EV Batteries

Between 2000 and 2010, lithium consumption in batteries increased by 20% on average every year. In the following decade, that figure jumped to 107% per year for batteries, with overall lithium consumption growing 27% annually on average.

The full breakdown from the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) shows the impact of battery consumption:

Back in 2010, the single largest end-use of lithium was in ceramics and glass manufacturing. Adding lithium carbonate to the coatings on ceramics and glassware reduces their thermal expansion, which is often essential for modern glass-ceramic cooktops.

But over the course of the decade, the EV market grew rapidly, with the global market share of EVs surging from 0.01% in 2010 to 8.6% in 2021. This had a ripple effect on the demand for batteries , which now account for nearly three-fourths of worldwide lithium consumption.

Additionally, the lightweight metal also has other important applications that are less well-known. For instance, lithium-based lubricant greases represent over 70% of global grease production for technical uses. Additionally, it’s also used in die casting, color pigment creation, aluminum smelting, and gas and air treatment.

What’s Next for Lithium Consumption?

With mainstream EV adoption on the horizon, the 2020s could mark another decade of growing lithium consumption.

Multiple countries have pledged to phase out internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles by 2030, and large automakers like Volkswagen, GM, and Ford plan on rolling out several new EV models.

As EV demand rises, it’s likely that lithium consumption—especially in batteries—will continue increasing, with batteries expected to use 84% of all lithium produced in 2025.

What’s Made from a Barrel of Oil?

Thu, 01 Aug 2024 19:01:38 GMT

By Niccolo Conte

What Products Are Made from a Barrel of Oil?

This was originally posted on Elements . Sign up to the free mailing list to get beautiful visualizations on natural resource megatrends in your email every week.

From the gasoline in our cars to the plastic in countless everyday items, crude oil is an essential raw material that shows up everywhere in our lives.

With around 18 million barrels of crude oil consumed every day just in America, this commodity powers transport, utilities, and is a vital ingredient in many of the things we use on a daily basis.

This graphic visualizes how much crude oil is refined into various finished products, using a barrel of oil to represent the proportional breakdown.

Barrel of Oil to Functional Fuel and More

Crude oil is primarily refined into various types of fuels to power transport and vital utilities. More than 85% of crude oil is refined into fuels like gasoline, diesel, and hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs) like propane and butane.

Along with being fuels for transportation, heating, and cooking, HGLs are used as feedstock for the production of chemicals, plastics, and synthetic rubber, and as additives for motor gasoline production.

Source: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers

Crude oil not only powers our vehicles, but it also helps pave the roads we drive on. About 4% of refined crude oil becomes asphalt, which is used to make concrete and different kinds of sealing and insulation products.

Although transportation and utility fuels dominate a large proportion of refined products, essential everyday materials like wax and plastic are also dependent on crude oil. With about 10% of refined products used to make plastics, cosmetics, and textiles, a barrel of crude oil can produce a variety of unexpected everyday products .

Personal care products like cosmetics and shampoo are made using petroleum products, as are medical supplies like IV bags and pharmaceuticals. Modern life would look very different without crude oil.

The Process of Refining Crude Oil

You might have noticed that while a barrel of oil contains 42 gallons, it ends up producing 45 gallons of refined products. This is because the majority of refined products have a lower density than crude oil, resulting in an increase in volume that is called processing gain.

Along with this, there are other inputs aside from crude oil that are used in the refining process. While crude oil is the primary input, fuel ethanol, hydrocarbon gas liquids, and other blending liquids are also used.

Source: EIA

The process of refining a 30,000-barrel batch of crude oil typically takes between 12-24 hours, with refineries operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Although the proportions of individual refined products can vary depending on market demand and other factors, the majority of crude oil will continue to become fuel for the world’s transport and utilities.

The Difficulty of Cutting Down on Crude Oil

From the burning of heavy fuels that tarnish icebergs found in Arctic waters to the mounds of plastic made with petrochemicals that end up in our rivers , each barrel of oil and its refined products impact our environment in many different ways.

But even as the world works to reduce its consumption of fossil fuels in order to reach climate goals, a world without crude oil seems unfathomable.

Skyrocketing sales of EVs still haven’t managed to curb petroleum consumption in places like Norway, California, and China, and the steady reopening of travel and the economy will only result in increased petroleum consumption.

Completely replacing the multi-faceted “black gold” that’s in a barrel of oil isn’t possible right now, but as electrification continues and we find alternatives to petrochemical materials, humanity might at least manage to reduce its dependence on burning fossil fuels.

Visualizing Natural Gas Reserves By Country

Tue, 30 Jul 2024 13:37:26 GMT

By Gopalakrishnan Ravichandran Featured Creator Article/Editing: Bruno Venditti

Visualizing Natural Gas Reserves By Country

Natural gas is used to generate electricity, heat homes and buildings, and power vehicles. It is also a raw material in various industrial processes.

In this graphic, creator Gopalakrishnan Ravichandran ranks natural gas reserves by country. He uses data from the bp Statistical Review , as of September 2023.

Russia Has the Biggest Reserves

Natural gas, coal, and oil have formed over millions of years as plant and animal remains mixed with sediment and undergo pressure and heat.

A natural gas reservoir is a subsurface area where natural gas is trapped within porous and permeable rock formations and confined by impermeable rock or water barriers.

Proven reserves represent the volume of natural gas that can be recovered under existing economic and operating conditions. These reserves can increase when new, successful exploratory wells are drilled.

Russia has the biggest reserves, with 37.4 trillion cubic meters or around 20% of the global total. Iran, in second, has 17% of the total reserves, followed by Qatar with 13%.

Asia dominates reserves by region, with six countries among the top 10. Meanwhile, Africa, Europe, North America, and South America each have one representative.

Despite being the 5th in proven reserves, the U.S. is the biggest natural gas producer , with 23% of the global share. Russia comes second (17.4%), with Iran in 3rd place (6.4%).

In addition, the U.S. is also the leading gas exporter, exporting 82.7 billion cubic meters of gas via pipelines in 2022 and 104.3 billion cubic meters of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Russia was the second-largest natural gas exporter globally, followed by Qatar and Norway.

Robert Friedland: No Rational Price for Copper as "Essentially Infinite" Demand Meets Short Supply

Fri, 26 Jul 2024 13:47:54 GMT

Charlotte McLeod

"We see a crisis coming in physical markets, and we see a requirement for much, much higher copper prices,” Robert Friedland said at the Rule Symposium.

A copper crunch is coming as demand builds and the hunt for viable deposits comes up short.

That’s according to Robert Friedland, a well-known mining industry financier whose current roles include board leadership positions at Ivanhoe Mines ( TSX : IVN ,OTCQX:IVPAF) and Ivanhoe Electric (TSX: IE ,NYSEAMERICAN:IE).

"We see a crisis coming in physical markets, and we see a requirement for much, much higher copper prices," he said in a recorded interview played at the Rule Symposium, held from July 7 to 11 in Boca Raton, Florida.

Copper demand “essentially infinite”

Speaking first about copper demand, Friedland described it as “essentially infinite,” noting that growing the global economy at 3 percent a year for the next two decades would require more copper than the world has ever mined.

In his view, the red metal is the most important element on the periodic table for humanity. It has well-known industrial uses, but Friedland also highlighted its ability to conduct electricity and heat — those characteristics make it essential in new applications like electric cars, artificial intelligence (AI) data centers and modern warfare.

“Military demand for this metal is going to go to infinity in the next few years,” he said, telling the conference audience that demand from this sector will put an “infinite value” on copper.

On a more basic level, Friedland pointed to the billions of people around the world that want to improve their quality of life with an electric fan or an air conditioner. Air conditioners alone require “astronomic amounts of copper,” he explained, but the red metal is also needed to generate and transmit the electricity they need to operate.

“There is no rational price for something you absolutely must have,” he said.

Ingenuity needed to boost copper supply

On the topic of supply, Friedland said the US is “ludicrously behind” other countries, especially China, when it comes to copper and other raw materials. “We're facing a generational crisis, and we really need to educate our children on the necessity of raw materials,” he told listeners at the Rule Symposium.

To illustrate his point, Friedland said performing a Google search uses the same amount of power that it takes to run a 100 watt light bulb for 10 seconds; an AI query uses enough power to run that same bulb for 2 to 3 minutes.

He also highlighted the need to transition away from copper produced using "dirty energy" like coal. In his view, green copper produced by companies like Ivanhoe Mines will command a premium in the years to come. The company's Kamoa-Kakula copper complex in the Democratic Republic of Congo produced 100,812 metric tons of copper in concentrate in Q2, and is expected to reach steady state production in the third quarter.

At the same time, Friedland thinks American ingenuity can provide supply solutions.

He mentioned I-Pulse, a private company where he is co-founder, chairman and CEO. Its partners include Rio Tinto ( ASX : RIO ,NYSE:RIO,LSE:RIO), BHP (ASX: RIO ,NYSE:RIO,LSE:RIO), Newmont (TSX: NGT ,NYSE:NEM) and Teck Resources (TSX: TECK.A ,TSX:TECK.B,NYSE:TECK), and Friedland said most of its efforts are directed at developing and commercializing technology that will make it much easier to find mines and mine them with much less energy.

Friedland also commented on Ivanhoe Electric's Typhoon technology. Put simply, it allows the company to look into the Earth and see electrically conductive metals like gold, copper, silver and nickel. In May, Ivanhoe Energy announced an alliance with BHP to use Typhoon to explore areas of interest in Arizona, New Mexico and Utah.

“I think we may have hope for the future,” he said.

Intelligent portfolios need copper

Investors looking to get exposure to copper can buy copper stocks, but Friedland said those who have space to store it could also consider physical copper — the key is to figure out a form of exposure.

“I don't think any intelligent portfolio can be constructed without copper exposure,” he said. He sees copper as a long-term play that investors can buy and hold for their grandchildren.

Looking at timing, Friedland said that for the last few years a small community following mining stocks has traded copper equities between themselves. Now, however, he believes generalists are on the cusp of becoming interested, and he advised listeners to make sure they are early and not a day late.

“There is no rational price for something you absolutely must have,” Friedland said.

Don't forget to follow us @INN_Resource for real-time updates!

Securities Disclosure: I, Charlotte McLeod, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.

Visualizing Copper Demand for Renewables

Mon, 22 Jul 2024 15:13:41 GMT

WRITTEN BY

Bruno Venditti

Visualizing Copper Demand in a Renewables Powered Future

Renewable energy is considered one of the most effective tools to reduce global carbon emissions and fight climate change. However, building technologies like solar and wind power plants or electric vehicles (EVs) can be mineral-intensive.

Copper is considered an essential metal for renewables. The metal is highly conductive, can easily be shaped into pipes, wires, or sheets, and can remove heat far more rapidly than other metals. In fact, copper itself is a sustainable material. The metal is 100% recyclable and can be used repeatedly without any loss of performance.

The above infographic from Teck highlights how global copper demand in both the clean power and the clean transport sectors is expected to double in the next decades.

The Wind and Solar Boom

Copper has long been a common component in most electrical wiring, power generation, transmission, distribution, and circuitry because of its high conductivity and durability.

New energy technologies, however, require even more copper. Photovoltaics (PV) solar power systems contain approximately 5 tonnes (t) per megawatt (MW) of copper, while grid energy storage installations rely on 2.7 to 3.6t per MW.

Solar isn’t the only renewable energy source that relies on copper, as a wind farm can contain between 4 million and 15 million pounds of copper.

Copper Drives EVs

The clean transport sector also consumes lots of copper. In fact, the metal is used in every major EV component , from the motor to the inverter and the electrical wiring.

While an average gasoline-powered car uses about 20 kg of copper, mainly as wiring, a fully electric car has roughly 80 kg of copper. Therefore, copper demand for EV batteries alone is expected to jump from 210K tonnes in 2020 to 1.8M tonnes in 2030.

But demand for the metal won’t just come from the cars themselves. Copper used for EV charging stations is also expected to rise more than 1,000% by 2030, compared to 2020.

Meeting the Copper Demand

As the world moves towards alternative energy sources, copper will remain in high demand.

Even though the metal is 100% recyclable, recycling alone will not be enough to meet demand and ensure a stable supply of copper. Continued mining for new copper will be needed.

The Future of Global Coal Production (2021-2024F)

Fri, 19 Jul 2024 17:20:39 GMT

By Niccolo Conte

The Future of Global Coal Production Visualized

Coal is the world’s most affordable energy fuel, and as such, the world’s biggest commodity market for electricity generation.

Unfortunately, that low-cost energy comes at a high cost for the environment, with coal being the largest source of energy-related CO2 emissions.

Despite its large footprint, coal was in high demand in 2021. As economies reopened following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries struggled to meet resurgent energy needs. As a readily available low-cost energy source, coal filled the supply gap, with global coal consumption increasing by 450 million tonnes or around +6% in 2021.

This graphic looks at the IEA ’s coal production forecasts for 2024, and the specific countries projected to reduce or increase their production over the next few years.

Which Countries Are Increasing (or Reducing) Coal Production?

Global coal production was a topic of scrutiny at the COP26 conference held in November of 2021, where 40 countries pledged to stop issuing permits and direct government support for new coal-fired power plants.

However, many of the top coal-producing countries did not commit to the pledge. China, the U.S., India, Russia, and Australia abstained, and of those five, only the U.S. is forecasted to reduce coal production in the next two years.

Source: IEA

With 15 EU countries signing the pledge, the European Union is forecasted to see the greatest drop in coal production at 82 million tonnes, along with the greatest forecasted reduction in coal consumption (101 million tonnes, a 23% reduction).

Reducing Coal-Fired Power Generation in the U.S.

The U.S. and Indonesia are the other two major producers forecasted to reduce their reliance on coal. The U.S. is projected to cut coal production by 7.5% or 44 million tonnes, while Indonesia’s reduction is forecasted at 6 million tonnes, or just a 1% cut of its 2021 production.

Despite not joining the COP26 pledge, the U.S. is still noticeably pursuing short and long-term initiatives to reduce coal-fired power generation.

In fact, 85% of U.S. electric generating capacity retirements in 2022 are forecast to be coal-fired generators, and there are further plans to retire 28% (59 GW) of currently operational coal-fired capacity by 2035.

Coal Makes Energy Ends Meet in China and India

Modern consumption and production are instead focused in Asia.

China and India produce almost 60% of the world’s coal, and are expected to increase their production by more than 200 million tonnes per year, collectively. All this coal goes towards meeting the insatiable energy demands of both nations.

While China has pledged to start cutting down coal consumption in 2026, the country also announced the construction of 43 new coal-fired power plants to meet energy demand until then. Part of the additional production is driven by a need to reduce the country’s dependence on coal imports, which are expected to drop by 51 million tonnes or 16% from 2021–2024.

By 2024, China’s coal consumption is forecasted to rise by 3.3% and India’s by 12.2%, which would make the two countries responsible for two-thirds of the world’s coal consumption.

Visualizing Global Energy Production in 2023

Wed, 17 Jul 2024 12:37:02 GMT

By Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Sam Parker

Visualizing Global Energy Production in 2023

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app . Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Global primary energy consumption reached a new record of 620 exajoules (EJ) for the second consecutive year in 2023, up from 607 exajoules in 2022.

This graphic shows the sources of energy used globally in 2023, measured in exajoules. Data is from the 2024 Statistical Review of World Energy by the Energy Institute, released in June 2024.

Fossil Fuels Accounted for 81% of the Energy Mix

Despite efforts to decarbonize the economy, fossil fuels still accounted for over 80% of the global energy mix in 2023.

Coal was responsible for 32% of the energy consumed around the world, followed by natural gas (26%) and then oil (23%).

Global coal production reached a record high of 179 EJ last year, surpassing the previous record set in 2022. The Asia-Pacific region was responsible for nearly 80% of global coal output, with significant contributions from Australia, China, India, and Indonesia.

Global coal consumption also continued to rise, exceeding 164 EJ for the first time ever.

China remains the largest consumer of coal, accounting for 56% of the world’s total consumption. However, in 2023, India’s coal consumption exceeded the combined total of Europe and North America for the first time.

Oil consumption, in particular, rebounded strongly last year compared to 2022, largely due to China relaxing its zero-COVID lockdown policies.

Renewables’ share of total primary energy consumption reached 14.6%, an increase of 0.4% over the previous year. Together with nuclear, they represented roughly 19% of total primary energy consumption.

Renewables like solar and wind accounted for 8% of the energy generated in 2023, followed by hydroelectric (6%) and nuclear (4%).

Visualizing the Copper Investment Opportunity in One Chart

Mon, 15 Jul 2024 16:50:36 GMT

By Bruno Venditti Graphics & Design Alejandra Dander

Visualizing the Copper Investment Opportunity in One Chart

Copper is essential for clean energy applications such as solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicles (EVs), as well as for expanding electrical grids.

The surge in demand for the metal, driven by the growing adoption of these technologies, presents a unique investment opportunity for early investors in copper mining companies.

This chart by Sprott explores the growing gap between copper supply and demand until 2050, based on projections from BloombergNEF’s Transition Metals Outlook 2023.

Projected Copper Supply vs. Demand

Copper is naturally abundant on Earth, but extracting the metal at the pace necessary for an electrified economy could be a challenge. The timeline for bringing a copper mine from discovery to production is lengthy , averaging over 16 years.

Top producers like Chile and Peru are facing strikes and protests, along with declining ore grades. Russia, ranked seventh in copper production, faces an expected decline in production due to the ongoing war in Ukraine.

Meanwhile, the increasing adoption of carbon-free technology only highlights copper’s significance.

High Demand for Transport and Electricity Grid

The demand for copper in the transport sector is projected to increase by 11.1 times by 2050, from 2022. EVs, for example, can contain more than a mile of copper wiring.

Additionally, the demand for copper needed to expand the global electricity grid is projected to increase by 4.8 times by 2050, from 2022.

By 2030, the copper supply gap is projected to approach 10 million metric tons, with both copper prices and copper mining stocks potentially set to benefit.

As the world embraces clean technologies, the search for and expansion of copper mines will be essential. Early investors who gain exposure to copper miners may benefit from the rapidly increasing demand.

Sprott offers convenient exchange-traded alternatives for investors seeking exposure to copper miners.

What’s Made from a Barrel of Oil?

Thu, 11 Jul 2024 15:44:13 GMT

By Niccolo Conte

What Products Are Made from a Barrel of Oil?

This was originally posted on Elements . Sign up to the free mailing list to get beautiful visualizations on natural resource megatrends in your email every week.

From the gasoline in our cars to the plastic in countless everyday items, crude oil is an essential raw material that shows up everywhere in our lives.

With around 18 million barrels of crude oil consumed every day just in America, this commodity powers transport, utilities, and is a vital ingredient in many of the things we use on a daily basis.

This graphic visualizes how much crude oil is refined into various finished products, using a barrel of oil to represent the proportional breakdown.

Barrel of Oil to Functional Fuel and More

Source: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers

Personal care products like cosmetics and shampoo are made using petroleum products, as are medical supplies like IV bags and pharmaceuticals. Modern life would look very different without crude oil.

The Process of Refining Crude Oil

Source: EIA

The Difficulty of Cutting Down on Crude Oil

But even as the world works to reduce its consumption of fossil fuels in order to reach climate goals, a world without crude oil seems unfathomable.

Copper’s Essential Role in Protecting Public Health

Mon, 08 Jul 2024 17:06:24 GMT

ARTICLE & EDITING

Bruno Venditti

Copper’s Essential Role in Protecting Public Health

Every day, high-touch surfaces present health risks to people in public spaces, and especially the most vulnerable in healthcare. In fact, of every 100 hospitalized patients at any given time, seven will get at least one healthcare-acquired or “hospital infection”.

With naturally antimicrobial properties, copper can kill up to 99.9% of bacteria on surfaces within two hours of exposure and slow the spread of diseases.

In this infographic from our sponsor Teck , we explore copper’s bacteria-fighting abilities and its crucial role in public health.

How Copper Kills Bacteria

Due to its powerful antimicrobial properties, copper kills bacteria in sequential steps:

First, copper ions on the surface are recognized by the bacteria as an essential nutrient and enter cell.
Then, a lethal dose of copper ions interferes with normal cell functions.
Finally, the copper binds to the enzymes, impeding the cell from breathing, eating, digesting, or creating energy.

This rapid killing mechanism prevents cells from replicating on copper surfaces and significantly reduces the amount of bacteria living on the surface.

Antimicrobial copper is effective against bacteria that causes common diseases like staph infections and E. coli that causes foodborne illness. The metal continuously kills bacteria and never wears out.

Besides bacteria, researchers are currently studying copper’s impacts on the virus that causes COVID-19. A previous study suggested that SARS-CoV-2 was completely destroyed within four hours on copper surfaces, as compared to 24 hours on cardboard, and up to three days on plastic and stainless steel. Pre-pandemic studies also demonstrated copper’s ability to kill other coronaviruses.

The Applications of Antimicrobial Copper

Institutions around the world have already deployed antimicrobial copper solutions relating to hospitals, fitness centers, mass transit systems, schools, professional sports teams, office buildings, restaurants, and more.

To date, antimicrobial copper has been installed in more than 300 healthcare facilities around the world. Taking the reduced costs of shorter patient stay and treatment into consideration, the payback time for installing copper fittings is only two months, according to an independent study by the University of York’s Health Economics Consortium.

In Canada, Teck has worked with its partners to install antimicrobial copper coatings on high-touch surfaces in hospitals, educational buildings and transit.

The Stanley Cup champions Los Angeles Kings have installed antimicrobial copper surfaces in their strength and training facility in California. Furthermore, over 50 water bottle filling stations made from antimicrobial copper can also be found throughout the Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in Atlanta.

Copper’s Role in Public Health

While many hospitals and other institutions are already using copper fittings, others are still not aware of its impactful properties.

As awareness increases, copper can become a simple but effective material to help control the spread of infections.

Nine Critical Energy Minerals for Investors

Wed, 03 Jul 2024 17:05:03 GMT

By Tessa Di Grandi Article & Editing Selin Oğuz Graphics & Design Jennifer West Zack Aboulazm

Visualized: Nine Critical Energy Minerals for Investors

Emission-free technologies such as electric vehicles (EVs), solar panels, wind turbines, and nuclear reactors are critical to reducing energy-related emissions and fulfilling net zero goals by 2050.

In this graphic, we’ve partnered with Sprott to explore nine minerals crucial for these technologies and their projected compound annual growth rates (CAGR) in global market size from 2022 to 2027.

Identifying the Nine Key Clean Energy Minerals

Sprott has identified the following minerals from the U.S. 2022 Critical Minerals List as fundamental to the energy transition, offering significant financial opportunities for investors as the transition accelerates.

Let’s delve into each one.

Cobalt : Maximizes the stability and longevity of batteries. Cobalt is part of the chemistry of 63% of EV batteries worldwide.
Copper: Essential for conductivity in electrical infrastructure, including wind, solar, and EV charging stations. In general, renewable energy systems can use up to six times more copper than traditional ones.
Graphite: The largest component of lithium-ion batteries used for EVs and energy storage.
Lithium: An essential component of electrolytes in EV batteries and lithium-based energy storage systems. By 2030, 95% of lithium demand is expected to come from batteries.
Manganese: Used as an electrode in many lithium-ion batteries for EVs.
Nickel: A key element in battery cathodes, offering higher energy density and longer driving ranges for EVs.
Rare earths: A vital component in the magnets used in wind turbines and EVs.
Silver: Essential for conductivity in solar panels and other electrical infrastructure, possessing the highest electrical and thermal conductivity among all metals.
Uranium: The fuel for nuclear power plants that can provide dispatchable and low-carbon power to the electricity grid. Nuclear power ranks as the second-largest contributor to low-carbon electricity production.

Projected Growth for Clean Energy Minerals

With demand escalating for clean energy technologies, demand for their essential components is also expected to grow, offering avenues for investors to capitalize on the dynamic clean energy market.

Below we list the projected compound annual growth rates (CAGR) for each of these minerals, which is their average annual growth in market size over a specified period, taking into account the effects of compounding.

With an average projected CAGR of over 8% through to 2027, driven especially by demand for lithium, silver, and rare earth metals, investors are taking note.

Visualizing the Future Demand for Battery Minerals

Mon, 01 Jul 2024 13:52:50 GMT

By Tessa Di Grandi Article & Editing Bruno Venditti Graphics & Design Alejand ra Dander

The Future Demand For Battery Minerals

Battery minerals are vital for the clean energy transition. They power cost-effective, on-demand energy systems and are at the core of decarbonizing transportation.

In this graphic, our sponsor Sprott examines the growth in demand for battery metals, as well as potential supply constraints.

Exploring Mineral Growth to 2040

Demand for battery metals is set to skyrocket in the coming years. Let’s break down the expected growth between current usage and the projected demand in 2040, based on a Net Zero Emissions Scenario (NZE):

The raw materials that batteries use can differ depending on their chemical compositions. However, these metals are considered critical for EVs and energy storage.

For example, the cells in the average battery with a 60 kilowatt-hour (kWh) capacity—the same size that’s used in a Chevy Bolt— contained roughly 185 kilograms of minerals.

Supply Gap in 2030

The growing demand for these battery metals is raising concerns over supply. Predicted shortages are expected to emerge by or before 2030, according to Energy Transitions Commission :

The rising demand for key minerals, driven in part by the move to EVs, could result in a supply gap that provides a potential investment opportunity in mineral exploration and mining companies.

Visualizing Cobalt Production by Country in 2023

Thu, 27 Jun 2024 14:25:37 GMT

By Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Sam Parker

Visualizing Cobalt Production by Country in 2023

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app . Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Cobalt is a critical mineral used in numerous commercial, industrial, and military applications. In recent years, it has gained attention as it is also necessary for batteries used in cell phones, laptops, and electric vehicles (EVs).

This graphic illustrates estimated cobalt production by country in 2023 in metric tons. The data is from the most recent U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries , published in January 2024.

The DRC Produces 74% of Global Cobalt

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) accounts for 74% of the world’s cobalt output. Although the metal is found on a large scale in other parts of the world, like Australia, Europe, and Asia, the African nation holds the biggest reserve by far. Of the 11,000,000 metric tons of worldwide reserves, it is estimated that 6,000,000 metric tons are located in the DRC.

Since around 20% of the cobalt mined in the DRC originates from small-scale artisanal mines, often employing child labor, the extraction of the metal has been a point of intense debate. With a long history of conflict, political upheaval, and instability, the country is often listed among the poorest nations in the world.

Today, the EV sector constitutes 40% of the overall cobalt market.

China is the world’s leading consumer of cobalt, with nearly 87% of its consumption used by the lithium-ion battery industry.

In the U.S., 50% of cobalt consumed is used in superalloys, mainly in aircraft gas turbine engines.

Learn More About Critical Minerals From Visual Capitalist

If you enjoyed this post, be sure to check out The Critical Minerals to China, EU, and U.S. National Security . This visualization shows which minerals are essential to China, the United States, and the European Union.

Which Countries Produce the Most Natural Gas?

Mon, 24 Jun 2024 15:09:12 GMT

By Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Sabrina Lam

Which Countries Produce the Most Natural Gas?

Natural gas prices have risen since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, exacerbating an already tight supply situation.

Making matters worse, Moscow has since cut gas exports to Europe to multi-year lows, sending Europe’s gas price to almost 10 times its pre-war average.

Using data from BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy, the above infographic provides further context on the gas market by visualizing the world’s largest gas producers in 2021.

Natural Gas Consumption at All-Time High in 2021

Natural gas is part of nearly every aspect of our daily lives. It is used for heating, cooking, electricity generation, as fuel for motor vehicles, in fertilizers , and in the manufacture of plastics.

The fuel is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas and non-renewable fossil fuel that forms below the Earth’s surface. Although the Earth has enormous quantities of natural gas, much of it is in areas far from where the fuel is needed. To facilitate transport and reduce volume, natural gas is frequently converted into liquefied natural gas (LNG), in a process called liquefaction .

Despite global efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels , natural gas consumption reached a new all-time high in 2021, surpassing the previous record set in 2019 by 3.3%.

Demand is expected to decline slightly in 2022 and remain subdued up to 2025, according to the International Energy Agency.

The Asia Pacific region and the industrial sector are expected to be the main drivers of global gas consumption in the coming years

Natural Gas Production, by Country

The world’s top 10 producers of natural gas account for about 73% of total production.

Natural gas accounts for 32% of primary energy consumption in the United States, the world’s largest producer. Russia is the second biggest producer, and also has at least 37 trillion cubic meters of natural gas reserves, the most in the world.

China’s natural gas production grew by 7.8% in 2021, and it has nearly doubled since 2011. This sustained growth in production is partly down to government policies incentivizing coal-to-gas switching.

Europe’s Natural Gas Crisis

Russia has significantly reduced flows of natural gas to Europe since Western nations imposed sanctions on the Kremlin following the invasion of Ukraine. Before the war, the European Union (EU) imported about 40% of its natural gas from Russia.

The gas is transported by the Nord Stream system, a pair of offshore natural gas pipeline networks in Europe that run under the Baltic Sea from Russia to Germany.

Russian energy giant Gazprom recently halved the amount of natural gas flowing through the Nord Stream 1 pipeline to 20% of capacity, blaming Western sanctions for a delay in the delivery in a necessary turbine. EU officials say Russia is “weaponizing” its gas supply.

Amid tensions, the EU bloc outlined a plan to phase out dependence on Russian fossil fuels. Lithuania ceased Russian gas imports at the beginning of April. Estonia’s and Latvia’s imports also dropped to zero at the start of that month. Bulgaria, the Netherlands, and Poland all announced that they do not intend to renew long-term contracts with Gazprom.

Despite these efforts, Europe remains dependent on Russia for its supply of natural gas, at least in the short and medium term.

Visualizing Raw Steel Production in 2023

Thu, 20 Jun 2024 15:12:10 GMT

By Marcus Lu Article/Editing: Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Sam Parker

Visualizing Raw Steel Production in 2023

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app . Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Steel is essential for the economy due to its crucial role in infrastructure, construction, manufacturing, and transportation sectors.

This graphic breaks down the estimated global production of raw steel in 2023. The data was sourced from the U.S. Geological Survey as of January 2024.

China Produces More Than Half the World’s Steel

One major issue facing the steel industry is overcapacity in top producer China.

Steel production in China has surpassed demand in recent years, leading to downward pressure on the profit margins of steel mills worldwide.

Historically, China’s troubled real estate sector has accounted for over one-third of the country’s steel consumption. To address this issue, the Chinese government has mandated steel production cuts since 2021.

Far behind China, India is the second-biggest producer of steel, followed by Japan.

Infinite Recyclability

Steel is an alloy primarily composed of iron ore containing less than 2% carbon, 1% manganese, and other trace elements. It is 1,000 times stronger than iron and can be recycled over and over without sacrificing quality.

Steel is widely used in various industries. It is a fundamental material in construction, providing support through beams, internal structures, and roofing.

Moreover, steel’s corrosion-resistant properties make it ideal for water infrastructure. Stainless steel pipes are the preferred choice for underground water systems, ensuring longevity and purity in water transportation.

Additionally, most canned foods are stored in steel containers for preservation, as steel does not rust.

Visualized: A Decade of Clean Energy Investment

Tue, 18 Jun 2024 17:16:32 GMT

By Sponsored Content Article/Editing: Alan Kennedy Graphics/Design: Alejandra Dander

Visualized: A Decade of Clean Energy Investment

Global energy investment is growing every year. But recently, investments in clean energy have been significantly outpacing investments in fossil fuels.

For this graphic, we partnered with EnergyX to explore how global energy investment has changed and learn how investments in clean energy are starting to pay off for their investors.

The Rise of Sustainable Energy Investment

Propelled by various climate initiatives such as the Paris Agreement and the widespread adoption of EVs, global investment in sustainable energy surged to over $1.7 trillion in 2023, the highest ever, and the IEA projects that this growth could continue:

Between 2020 and 2030, global investment in sustainable energy could increase by 74% to nearly $2.2 trillion, compared to just 26% additional investment in fossil fuels, with a forecast total of $1.06 trillion. This shows that sustainability is the future of energy investment.

Sustainable Investor Success Stories

While the growing investments in clean energy show that the world embraces sustainability, energy investors will still look for decent returns. Now, in 2024, clean energy investments are beginning to bear fruit. Here are just a few examples:

Between 2019 and 2023, Tesla had a cumulative return of 1,073%
NextEra Energy’s quarterly dividend increased by over 10% as of February 2024
Investors in EnergyX have 10x’ed their investments since the company’s first offering in 2021

Lithium plays a critical role in powering electric vehicles (EVs) and facilitating the transition to sustainable energy. EnergyX has patented technology that enhances lithium extraction rates by up to 300%, contributing to meeting the growing demand for lithium and fueling the EVs of the future.

Visualizing Global Gold Production in 2023

Thu, 13 Jun 2024 15:18:25 GMT

By Marcus Lu Article/Editing: Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Sam Parker

Visualizing Global Gold Production in 2023

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app . Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Over 3,000 tonnes of gold were produced globally in 2023.

In this graphic, we list the world’s leading countries in terms of gold production. These figures come from the latest USGS publication on gold statistics (published January 2024).

China, Australia, and Russia Produced the Most Gold in 2023

China was the top producer in 2023, responsible for over 12% of total global production, followed by Australia and Russia.

Gold mines in China are primarily concentrated in eastern provinces such as Shandong, Henan, Fujian, and Liaoning. As of January 2024, China’s gold mine reserves stand at an estimated 3,000 tonnes, representing around 5% of the global total of 59,000 tonnes.

In addition to being the top producer, China emerged as the largest buyer of the yellow metal for the year. In fact, the country’s central bank alone bought 225 tonnes of gold in 2023, according the World Gold Council .

Estimated Global Gold Consumption

Most of the gold produced in 2023 was used in jewelry production, while another significant portion was sold as a store of value, such as in gold bars or coins.

Jewelry: 46%
Central Banks and Institutions: 23%
Physical Bars: 16%
Official Coins, Medals, and Imitation Coins: 9%
Electrical and Electronics: 5%
Other: 1%

According to Fitch Solutions , over the medium term (2023-2032), global gold mine production is expected to grow 15%, as high prices encourage investment and output.

How the Expansion of Megacities Will Boost Metal Markets

Tue, 11 Jun 2024 16:06:06 GMT

By Nicholas LePan

How the Expansion of Megacities Will Boost Metal Markets

Urbanization drives metal demand, and megacities are leading the drive.

As developing economies grow, millions of people are moving to cities to pursue opportunities compounded by proximity and availability to resources. Many of these people see their economic circumstances improve, and consumption increases as a result.

Cars get more numerous, electricity and public transport networks expand, and consumers buy more electronic products for their homes. All of this means more steel, more copper, more aluminum, and more cement are needed.

The rise of China’s megacities in recent decades embodies this growth of living standards and demand for resources. By 2035, Oxford Economics forecasts that Asian cities as a group will be richer than European and North American cities combined, with six Chinese cities on the list of the 10 richest cities globally: Beijing, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Tianjin.

By 2035 these six cities are expected to double their wealth, while global average income per capita is expected to increase by only 37% during the same period.

This infographic, based on research from Swann , takes a look at how the growth of megacities will drive metal demand well into the future.

Megacities Metal Megatrend: Growth in Demand to 2035

The Swann Index measures the intensity of use of each metal by looking at global consumption in tonnes between 2014 and 2019, dividing by GDP per capita, and then forecasting demand up until 2035. Here are some key materials and how they are expected to fare:

Nickel demand is forecast to increase by 116%, from 2.4 million tonnes in 2019 to 5.2 million tonnes in 2035. The drive is fueled by consumer goods, batteries, and high-value new applications, such as super alloys and stainless steel.

Aluminum and steel are also expected to see significant growth of 57% and 50%, respectively. Aluminum’s growth will be particularly noticeable due to the market size, with an expected demand of 103.6 million tonnes in 2035.

Copper’s demand growth will largely be pushed by decarbonization and the transition to electrification and automated technology. The metal is expected to see demand increase by 26% to 29.7 million tonnes in 2035.

In comparison, zinc is likely to underperform other base metals, with an estimated increase of only 6%. This modest growth reflects strong competition from aluminum in some end-use markets such as diecast alloys.

Future Megacities on the African Horizon

Though megacity demand for metals is being driven largely by Asian growth in 2020, the focus will likely shift in the coming decades.

Projections of future population growth and the world’s biggest cities all point to Africa as the next leader in growth, and subsequently, demand. Estimates show that 17 of the 20 fastest growing cities from 2020 to 2025 are located in Africa.

By 2100, the world’s three largest cities with populations greater than 70 million are projected to be in Africa, with Nigeria’s Lagos leading the way. In fact, of the world’s 20 largest projected megacities, 13 will be in Africa and zero will be located in China.

For now, Asian and primarily Chinese cities are leading demand for urbanization materials and already putting a strain on some metals. Even though the future megacity landscape might change, the expected continued increase in economic growth and incomes will continue to drive metal demand.

Update on Syracuse Project and Spudding of Josephine Mack 1-18 Well

Fri, 07 Jun 2024 12:05:45 GMT

TORONTO, ONTARIO – June 7, 2024 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC") or (the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the completion of Levens 4-31 well in the Syracuse Project as well as the commencement of drilling activities at the Josephine Mack 1-18 well, marking the initiation of the Company's first test well within the Stockholm Project located in Wallace County, Kansas.

Progress In Syracuse Project With Completion of Levens 4-31

The Company has finished the completion work of Levens 4-31, bringing the total number of producing wells in the Syracuse Project to five. The Company is committed to completing three more wells in Syracuse.

Spudding of Josephine Mack 1-18 Well

On May 31st, drilling crews broke ground with the spudding of Josephine Mack 1-18. Spudding is the process of beginning to drill a well in the oil and gas industry, marking the start of the actual drilling operation. This well represents the first exploratory effort under the Stockholm Project's scope, targeting the Morrow Zone at a proposed depth of 5,300 feet. This initiative underscores VVC's strategic entry into this geologically promising region. The Company has positioned the Josephine Mack 1-18 to thoroughly evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of the Morrow Zone.

Exploration Strategy and Economic Significance

The Company’s Stockholm Project is in the Morrow Zone, known for its stratigraphy and potential as a hydrocarbon reservoir. The data from the Josephine Mack 1-18 well will help determine the feasibility of further development in this area. This project is located an hour north of the Syracuse Project, which will allow the Company to utilize existing relationships with favorable vendors and operators.

Jim Culver, CEO & President of VVC, stated, "The initiation of drilling at the Josephine Mack 1-18 well is the logical next step in broadening our operational footprint, particularly within the promising economic Morrow Zone of Kansas."

A Continued Commitment to Sustainable Practices

VVC remains dedicated to environmentally responsible practices. The Company’s operations are conducted with the utmost regard to ensuring sustainability, minimal environmental impact and adherence to the highest industry standards and best practices.

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

Why We Need Rapid Deployment Of Carbon Capture Technologies

Tue, 04 Jun 2024 16:08:16 GMT

Nils Rokke

Amid the accelerating climate crisis, the urgency to reach net-zero emissions by 2050 has become a global imperative, with some required technologies still in need of rapid development.

While photovoltaics and electric vehicles march towards widespread adoption, critical technologies like Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) lag behind.

CCUS is an urgently required solution for hard to abate emissions and to clean up historical emissions due to the lag of action in reducing emissions, we also need to reduce the stock of CO2 in the atmosphere. The latter is usually called carbon dioxide removal (CDR) .

This disparity not only presents significant risks but also a substantial opportunity to pioneer a renaissance in carbon management.

Carbon Technologies Explained

These days, we frequently group CCUS as a single set of technologies yet they encompass two distinct approaches.

CCS primarily aims to reduce atmospheric CO2 through permanent storage , a necessity for heavy industries like steel, cement, and fertilizer, which otherwise face challenges in reducing emissions.

CCU, on the other hand, recycles CO2 into products, sometimes valuable products, although this does not always equate to permanent sequestration.

Both CCS and CCU need to capture CO2. These capture technologies are well known and improvement has been made in reducing energy use in the processes, be it from capturing tailpipe emissions, removing carbon from the fuel to produce hydrogen, or recycling the CO2 in the process to end up with a concentrated stream of CO2.

Originally designed for power production, these post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel technologies are now increasingly applied in industrial settings.

Despite the rising dominance of renewable energy, which diminishes the appeal of new CCUS installations in power generation, these technologies remain crucial for retrofitting existing installations.

For example, Asia has a large fleet of relatively young coal-fired power plants that are unlikely to be decommissioned anytime soon. Therefore, CCUS will continue to play a vital strategic role in the region's power sector and much needed to decarbonize fast enough.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) underscores that CCS and CCU are not alone in their slow progress; however, their lag is particularly consequential. In a recent report from the IEA that tracks progress since COP28, the lag in deploying CCUS and clean hydrogen is particularly worrying, only highlighting the need to embrace the current developments and accelerate these solutions.

According to another IEA report , a five-year delay in developing and deploying CCUS technologies would halve the CO2 emissions being captured worldwide in 2030 compared to the needed amounts in the Sustainable Development Scenario.

Despite their potential to significantly mitigate global warming, current global CCS and CCU deployment is a fraction of the gigaton-scale needed by the 2030s and 2040s. Currently, the deployment stands at about 50 million tons per year, starkly insufficient against the looming deadlines. Globally, we would need about 20 times more per year by 2030.

Historical Barriers and Missed Opportunities

The CCUS journey has been fraught with challenges. In Europe, targets were set for 10-15 operational plants by 2015, supported by the EU commission through various schemes. However, a viable business model was missing, complicated by regulatory and logistical barriers that discouraged investment and innovation.

The European Trading System (ETS) for emission quotas , intended as a financial mechanism, failed to provide stability. The system initially collapsed due to the issuance of free quotas and inflated emission baselines, which drove the prices down to as low as €5 per ton of CO2.

Such an economic environment rendered the business model—which relied on generating income by avoiding the purchase of ETS quotas—impractical, particularly when the costs of CCS ranged between €100-200 per ton.

Strategic Shifts

Significant changes have since been implemented. The EU has enacted robust climate legislation, including the European Green Deal , aiming for climate neutrality by 2050 and a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.

The necessity for a carrot and stick approach intensified following the Ukraine conflict, which disrupted Russian gas imports due to pipeline sabotage in the Baltic Sea.

This situation underscores the EU's need for energy autonomy , prompting a shift towards massive renewable energy deployments, such as wind and solar, and strategic partnerships with aligned nations like Norway, now the EU's largest piped gas supplier.

Additionally, the EU is adapting through increased energy efficiency, having already reduced gas usage by 15%. These efforts are vital not only for reducing fossil fuel dependence but also for maintaining industrial production and integrating sufficient hydrogen to replace natural gas.

These ambitious EU targets are now backed by more robust policies and higher ETS prices, improving the economic viability of CCUS projects.

The EU's Industrial Carbon Management Strategy anticipates a need for escalating CO2 storage capacity, targeting 50 million tons per year by 2030 and reaching 450 million tons by 2050.

These are not just projections but necessities if we are to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change.

The North Sea region is paving the way having most of the CO2 storage capacity in Europe at present. Collaboration between regions and actors is needed when CO2 sources and CO2 storage sites are to be properly matched going forward.

New Regulations and Future Outlook for CO2 Storage

Recent regulations mandating fossil fuel producers in the EU to provide necessary storage capacities are set to be transformative. By 2030, these producers are required to contribute storage equivalent to their market share over the past four years.

This regulation not only provides a clear price signal but also facilitates the necessary infrastructure for CCS to flourish.

The debate around CCU centers on the efficiency of extracting CO2 from flue gases or air, only to potentially re-emit it by using it to produce fuels. While current processes, such as those used in making beverages, do not offer long-term carbon storage, employing CO2 in recyclable materials or disposing of it through CCS presents viable options.

Looking ahead to 2040-2050, when fossil fuel use will dramatically decrease, identifying sustainable carbon sources becomes critical. CCU emerges as a key solution, recycling carbon in a similar way we handle strategic materials. Most products contain carbon.

Although currently less energy-efficient, the increasing shift towards renewable, nearly emission-free electricity will enhance the feasibility of using CO2 to create carbon-based products, such as plastics and clothing, that must otherwise rely on biogenic sources or recycling.

This approach is essential as we aim to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and maintain global warming well below two degrees Celsius.

A Renaissance For CCUS?

The EU is not alone in recognizing the importance of CCS and CCU technologies for reducing emissions. With a CCS renaissance on the horizon, supported by robust mechanisms, it's time to accelerate these solutions.

This involves not only advancing technology but also aligning policies, investments, and public perception to foster an environment where such technologies can thrive and contribute significantly to global climate goals. Fast.

Visualizing U.S. Consumption of Fuel and Materials per Capita

Fri, 31 May 2024 18:39:54 GMT

By Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Sam Parker

Visualizing U.S. Consumption of Fuel and Materials per Capita

Wealthy countries consume massive amounts of natural resources per capita, and Americans are no exception.

According to data from the National Mining Association, each American needs more than 39,000 pounds (17,700 kg) of minerals and fossil fuels annually to maintain their standard of living.

Materials We Need to Build

Every building around us and every sidewalk we walk on is made of sand, steel, and cement .

As a result, these materials lead consumption per capita in the United States. On average, each person in America drives the demand of over 10,000 lbs of stone and around 7,000 lbs of sand and gravel per year.

The construction industry is a major contributor to the U.S. economy.

Crushed stone, sand, gravel, and other construction aggregates represent half of the industrial minerals produced in the country, resulting in $29 billion in revenue per year.

Also on the list are crucial hard metals such as copper, aluminum, iron ore, and of course many rarer metals used in smaller quantities each year. These rarer metals can make a big economic difference even when their uses are more concentrated and isolated—for example, palladium (primarily used in catalytic converters) costs $54 million per tonne.

Fuels Powering our Lives

Despite ongoing efforts to fight climate change and reduce carbon emissions, each person in the U.S. uses over 19,000 lbs of fossil fuels per year.

Gasoline is the most consumed petroleum product in the United States.

In 2021, finished motor gasoline consumption averaged about 369 million gallons per day, equal to about 44% of total U.S. petroleum use. Distillate fuel oil (20%), hydrocarbon gas liquids (17%), and jet fuel (7%) were the next most important uses.

Reliance on Other Countries

Over the past three decades, the United States has become reliant on foreign sources to meet domestic demand for minerals and fossil fuels. Today, the country is 100% import-reliant for 17 mineral commodities and at least 50% for 30 others.

In order to reduce the dependency on other countries, namely China, the Biden administration has been working to diversify supply chains in critical minerals. This includes strengthening alliances with other countries such as Australia, India, and Japan.

However, questions still remain about how soon these policies can make an impact, and the degree to which they can ultimately help localize and diversify supply chains.

Visualized: Battery Vs. Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Tue, 28 May 2024 18:51:16 GMT

By Marcus Lu Graphics/Design: Miranda Smith

Battery Electric Vs. Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Since the introduction of the Nissan Leaf (2010) and Tesla Model S (2012), battery-powered electric vehicles (BEVs) have become the primary focus of the automotive industry.

This structural shift is moving at an incredible rate—in China, 3 million BEVs were sold in 2021, up from 1 million the previous year. In the U.S., the number of models available for sale is expected to double by 2024 .

In order to meet global climate targets, however, the International Energy Agency claims that the auto industry will require 30 times more minerals per year. Many fear that this could put a strain on supply.

“The data shows a looming mismatch between the world’s strengthened climate ambitions and the availability of critical minerals.”
– Fatih Birol, IEA

Thankfully, BEVs are not the only solution for decarbonizing transportation. In this infographic, we explain how the fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) works.

How Does Hydrogen Fuel Cell Work?

FCEVs are a type of electric vehicle that produces no emissions (aside from the environmental cost of production). The main difference is that BEVs contain a large battery to store electricity, while FCEVs create their own electricity by using a hydrogen fuel cell.

Let’s go over the functions of the major FCEV components.

Battery

First is the lithium-ion battery , which stores electricity to power the electric motor. In an FCEV, the battery is smaller because it’s not the primary power source. For general context, the Model S Plaid contains 7,920 lithium-ion cells, while the Toyota Mirai FCEV contains 330.

Hydrogen Fuel Tank

FCEVs have a fuel tank that stores hydrogen in its gas form. Liquid hydrogen can’t be used because it requires cryogenic temperatures (−150°C or −238°F). Hydrogen gas, along with oxygen, are the two inputs for the hydrogen fuel cell.

Fuel Cell Stack and Motor

The fuel cell uses hydrogen gas to generate electricity. To explain the process in layman’s terms, hydrogen gas passes through the cell and is split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-).

Protons pass through the electrolyte, which is a liquid or gel material. Electrons are unable to pass through the electrolyte, so they take an external path instead. This creates an electrical current to power the motor.

Exhaust

At the end of the fuel cell’s process, the electrons and protons meet together and combine with oxygen. This causes a chemical reaction that produces water (H2O), which is then emitted out of the exhaust pipe.

Which Technology is Winning?

As you can see from the table below, most automakers have shifted their focus towards BEVs. Notably missing from the BEV group is Toyota, the world’s largest automaker.

Hydrogen fuel cells have drawn criticism from notable figures in the industry, including Tesla CEO Elon Musk and Volkswagen CEO Herbert Diess.

Green hydrogen is needed for steel, chemical, aero… and should not end up in cars. Far too expensive, inefficient, slow and difficult to rollout and transport.
– Herbert Diess, CEO, Volkswagen Group

Toyota and Hyundai are on the opposing side, as both companies continue to invest in fuel cell development. The difference between them, however, is that Hyundai (and sister brand Kia) has still released several BEVs.

This is a surprising blunder for Toyota, which pioneered hybrid vehicles like the Prius. It’s reasonable to think that after this success, BEVs would be a natural next step. As Wired reports, Toyota placed all of its chips on hydrogen development, ignoring the fact that most of the industry was moving a different way. Realizing its mistake, and needing to buy time, the company has resorted to lobbying against the adoption of EVs.

Confronted with a losing hand, Toyota is doing what most large corporations do when they find themselves playing the wrong game—it’s fighting to change the game.
– Wired

Toyota is expected to release its first BEV, the bZ4X crossover, for the 2023 model year—over a decade since Tesla launched the Model S.

Challenges to Fuel Cell Adoption

Several challenges are standing in the way of widespread FCEV adoption.

One is performance, though the difference is minor. In terms of maximum range, the best FCEV (Toyota Mirai) was EPA-rated for 402 miles, while the best BEV (Lucid Air) received 505 miles.

Two greater issues are 1) hydrogen’s efficiency problem , and 2) a very limited number of refueling stations. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, there are just 48 hydrogen stations across the entire country. 47 are located in California, and 1 is located in Hawaii.

On the contrary, BEVs have 49,210 charging stations nationwide, and can also be charged at home. This number is sure to grow, as the Biden administration has allocated $5 billion for states to expand their charging networks.

Ranked: The World’s Largest Lithium Producers in 2023

Fri, 24 May 2024 16:11:01 GMT

By Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Sam Parker

The World’s Largest Lithium Producers in 2023

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app . Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Three countries—Australia, Chile, and China—accounted for 88% of lithium production in 2023.

In this graphic, we list the world’s leading countries in terms of lithium production. These figures come from the latest USGS publication on lithium statistics (published Jan 2024).

Australia Leads, China Approaches Chile

Australia, the world’s leading producer, extracts lithium directly from hard-rock mines, specifically the mineral spodumene.

The country saw a big jump in output over the last decade. In 2013, Australia produced 13,000 metric tons of lithium, compared to 86,000 metric tons in 2023.

Chile is second in rank but with more modest growth. Chilean production rose from 13,500 metric tons in 2013 to 44,000 metric tons in 2023. Contrary to Australia, the South American country extracts lithium from brine.

China, which also produces lithium from brine, has been approaching Chile over the years. The country increased its domestic production from 4,000 metric tons in 2013 to 33,000 last year.

Chinese companies have also increased their ownership shares in lithium producers around the globe; three Chinese companies are also among the top lithium mining companies . The biggest, Tianqi Lithium, has a significant stake in Greenbushes, the world’s biggest hard-rock lithium mine in Australia.

Argentina, the fourth country on our list, more than tripled its production over the last decade and has received investments from other countries to increase its output.

With all the top producers increasing output to cover the demand from the clean energy industry, especially for electric vehicle (EV) batteries, the lithium market has seen a surplus recently, which caused prices to collapse by more than 80% from a late-2022 record high.

Can Hydrogen Help Combat the Climate Crisis?

Wed, 22 May 2024 17:04:23 GMT

Hydrogen hubs across the country seek to fuel high-emission industries with cleaner energy.

Susan Cosier

Contributor

Hydrogen is the most plentiful element in the universe, and it’s also a building block for a burgeoning clean energy industry—clean because consuming it for energy doesn’t emit any greenhouse gases. These facts alone make it a pretty attractive alternative to extracting and burning fossil fuels. But things get trickier when it comes to producing hydrogen on a large scale, and so far, the promise of so-called green hydrogen has been largely out of reach.

That’s why the Biden administration wants to jump-start the clean hydrogen industry by investing $7 billion in seven hydrogen hub projects scattered throughout the country. If the backers of the proposed hubs, selected by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), can get community buy-in, demonstrate that the facilities can, in fact, produce sufficient amounts of clean hydrogen, and then have that hydrogen power otherwise hard-to-decarbonize industries, then the hubs could potentially go a long way in helping the country reach net zero emissions by 2050.

“The hubs could be really helpful in showing us what works in terms of end uses,” says Erik Kamrath , a hydrogen advocate with NRDC. “They have the potential to help us understand how we want to scale in the future.”

How do you produce hydrogen?

Hydrogen gas occurs naturally in relatively small amounts on this planet, but the element is very abundant in compounds where it is chemically bonded with other elements. (Just think of how two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom form a water molecule, or H2O.) In order to use hydrogen, we must first isolate it. Breaking those bonds, however, requires a lot of energy, and so the manner in which we produce hydrogen greatly influences this resource’s overall benefit to the climate fight.

Most of the hydrogen produced today comes from a process called steam methane reforming (SMR), which is not very climate-friendly. In SMR, companies pressurize steam and methane (a fracked natural gas) with a catalyst like nickel to divide the hydrogen from the carbon, producing what’s known as “gray hydrogen.” In addition to using methane, a potent greenhouse gas, SMR also emits carbon dioxide, another greenhouse gas.

So, in an effort to figure out how to help clean up the industry, the hubs are proposing various strategies—using renewable power, nuclear power, biomass , or fossil gas—to produce hydrogen in their respective regions.

SMR with carbon capture and storage

The hubs could potentially reduce climate emissions from SMR through carbon capture and storage (CCS), a strategy that’s been dubbed “blue hydrogen.” This is what developers behind the Gulf Coast and Appalachian hydrogen hubs are planning, but currently, only a few dozen CCS facilities exist worldwide. While the United States and Europe have been ramping up funding for CCS projects, progress has so far been slow, due in part to its high cost and the uncertainty around its long-term feasibility.

Electrolysis via grid energy

Another way to produce hydrogen is by using electricity to split a water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen. Called electrolysis, this process occurs in a unit called an electrolyzer that can connect with the grid. Like SMR, electrolysis requires a lot of energy, but unlike SMR, the process itself results in no greenhouse gas emissions. However, when powered by the current grid, where the electricity is still predominantly generated by fossil fuels, electrolysis can end up emitting twice as much climate pollution as SMR.

Electrolysis via renewable energy

This is the same electrolysis process but fueled by renewable power. Because this option neither requires fossil fuels nor results in climate emissions, it’s called “green hydrogen.” (When using nuclear power, it’s called “pink hydrogen.”) While the technology is still in the early stages, falling renewable energy prices, along with the decreasing costs of the electrolyzers themselves and the clean hydrogen tax credit within the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), could make this type of electrolysis cost competitive with other methods.

The best uses of hydrogen to cut climate emissions

Because producing any type of hydrogen requires so much energy, experts say that the best end uses of hydrogen would be in hard-to-decarbonize industries, or where few other, more efficient clean alternatives exist. Such practical applications include steelmaking, cement making, fertilizer production, long-haul trucking, and potentially, the production of jet fuel.

“Hydrogen is appealing because it has a bunch of potential uses if you can make it cheap enough,” says Wilson Ricks, an engineer in Princeton University’s Zero-Carbon Energy Systems Research and Optimization (ZERO) Laboratory. “It could fill in, if we fail to have any other option.” On the flip side, using hydrogen energy to fuel cars or heat buildings wouldn’t be as efficient, since wind or solar power can already do this without needing that extra energy to produce hydrogen in the first place.

How is the government supporting the hydrogen industry?

The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law provides funding for the hydrogen hubs and shares the costs of them with coalitions of energy companies, nonprofit and for-profit companies, and state and local governments. Demonstrating what types of facilities might work best, especially in certain geographic regions, is one of the first steps to developing the hydrogen industry at a commercial scale.

“Hydrogen overall has been given just about the best set of conditions that emerging technology could possibly have,” says Ricks. “I'd say it's maybe the most favored clean energy technology in terms of its U.S. policy support right now.”

The IRA also provides a tax credit based on the amount of hydrogen produced, representing one of the biggest subsidies in the law. Importantly, for companies to receive the tax credit, the process of making the hydrogen must result in low greenhouse gas emissions.

What does a successful hydrogen hub look like?

A study published last year by Ricks and his colleagues in Environmental Research Letters outlined three things a green hydrogen facility needs to score well on to optimize its carbon-slashing potential: deliverability, additionality, and hourly matching. Deliverability is a measure of how easily the renewable electricity can get from where it’s generated to where it’s consumed to produce hydrogen. Additionality is making sure the energy sources consumed in the production of hydrogen aren’t already relied on for other purposes. In other words, you wouldn’t want a hydrogen hub to hog an energy source that’s already providing power to, say, buildings, which would run the risk of raising electricity prices and emissions. And finally, hourly matching is the ability to consume the energy as it’s being generated. To ensure constant supply, hydrogen can be stored as a gas in geologic formations like salt caverns, or as a liquid and transported in supercooled tanks.

A successful hub would also not threaten the health and well-being of those living nearby. For each phase of a hub project, the DOE requires a community benefit plan—which may include air quality improvements, job prospects, training opportunities, or funding avenues for disadvantaged communities—with further government support being contingent on the hub meeting those goals. Still, a number of communities, such as those in Indiana where developers are planning many carbon storage pipelines, have been expressing concerns over a lack of transparency surrounding the proposals.

This is particularly the case for hubs that involve fossil fuels in some capacity. Hubs that use natural gas in their production process, for example, could add to local air pollution levels. Burning hydrogen also results in emissions of nitrogen oxides, which can irritate peoples’ airways and contribute to smog . While there are ways to scrub nitrogen oxide pollution from the emissions, as of now, whether or not the government will require them is unclear. When the department will make its next approvals for the hub proposals is also unknown.

“The public needs a road map of how these projects will unfold and where and when they could have opportunities to voice concerns and take part in the decision-making,” says Batoul Al-Sadi, an equity advocate at NRDC. That, she says, would “allow communities to provide input and be active participants in the process.”

What’s known at this point is that the government plans to finalize its conditions for receiving the hydrogen production tax credit later this year, and it will require more detailed information from the hubs before allowing them to break ground. And then there’s the other looming deadline, the one set by climate change. Commercial output from these hubs is expected no later than 2035.

Proposed Hydrogen Hubs

The seven hubs are aiming to produce green hydrogen, blue hydrogen, or a mix of both.

Source: DOE Get the data Created with Datawrapper

A Lifetime’s Consumption of Fossil Fuels, Visualized

Mon, 20 May 2024 15:14:56 GMT

By Niccolo Conte

Visualizing the Fossil Fuels we Consume in a Lifetime

From burning natural gas to heat our homes to the petroleum-based materials found in everyday products like pharmaceuticals and plastics, we all consume fossil fuels in one form or another.

In 2021, the world consumed nearly 490 exajoules of fossil fuels, an unfathomable figure of epic proportions.

To put fossil fuel consumption into perspective on a more individual basis, this graphic visualizes the average person’s fossil fuel use over a lifetime of 80 years using data from the National Mining Association and BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy .

How Many Fossil Fuels a Person Consumes Every Year

On a day-to-day basis, our fossil fuel consumption might seem minimal, however, in just a year the average American consumes more than 23 barrels of petroleum products like gasoline, propane, or jet fuel.

The cube of the average individual’s yearly petroleum product consumption reaches around 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) tall. When you consider varying transportation choices and lifestyles, from public transit to private jets, the yearly cube of petroleum product consumption for some people may easily overtake their height.

To calculate the volume needed to visualize the petroleum products and coal cubes (natural gas figures were already in volume format), we used the densities of bulk bituminous coal (833kg/m ³ ) and petroleum products (800kg/m ³ ) along with the weights of per capita consumption in the U.S. from the National Mining Association.

These figures are averages, and can differ per person depending on a region’s energy mix, transportation choices, and consumption habits, along with other factors.

Global Fossil Fuel Consumption Rebounds Post-Pandemic

When the global economy reopened post-pandemic, energy demand and consumption rebounded past 2019 levels with fossil fuels largely leading the way. While global primary energy demand grew 5.8% in 2021, coal consumption rose by 6% reaching highs not seen since 2014.

In 2021, renewables and hydroelectricity made up nearly 14% of the world’s primary energy use, with fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) accounting for 82% (down from 83% in 2020), and nuclear energy accounting for the remaining 4%.

Recent demand for fossil fuels has been underpinned by their reliability as generating energy from renewables in Germany has been inconsistent when it’s been needed most.

Now the country grapples with energy rations as it restarts coal-fired power plants in response to its overdependence on Russian fossil fuel energy as the potential permanence of the Nord Stream 1 natural gas pipeline shutdown looms.

Growing Green Energy Amidst Geopolitical Instability

Domestic energy and material supply chain independence quickly became a top priority for many nations amidst Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Western trade sanctions, and increasingly unpredictable COVID-19 lockdowns in China.

Trade and energy dependence risks still remain a major concern as many nations transition towards renewable energy. For example, essential rare earth mineral production , and solar PV manufacturing supply chains remain dominated by China.

Despite looming storm clouds over global energy and materials trade, renewable energy’s green linings are growing on the global scale. The world’s renewable primary energy consumption reached an annual growth rate of 15%, outgrowing all other energy fuels as wind and solar provided a milestone 10% of global electricity in 2021.

If the global energy mix continues to get greener fast enough, the cubes of our personal fossil fuel consumption may manage to get smaller in the future.

Visualizing Copper Production by Country in 2023

Wed, 15 May 2024 14:25:24 GMT

By Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Sam Parker

Visualizing Copper Production by Country in 2023

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app . Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Copper is considered an essential metal for the clean energy transition because it is a great conductor of electricity.

As a result, governments around the world have been encouraging the construction of new mines, and mining companies have been seeking new projects and acquiring existing mines to meet the growing demand.

In this graphic, we illustrate global copper production in 2023, based on data from the U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries , as of January 2024.

Most Copper Comes from South America

Chile and Peru account for one-third of the world’s copper output.

Chile is also home to the two largest mines in the world, Escondida and Collahuasi.

Meanwhile, African countries have rapidly increased their production. The Democratic Republic of Congo, for example, transitioned from being a secondary copper producer in the late 1990s to becoming the third-largest producer by 2023.

Part of the growth in copper mining in Africa is attributed to high investment from China. Chinese mining companies represent 8% of Africa’s total output in the mining sector.

Within its territory, China has also seen a 277% growth in copper production over the last three decades.

In the U.S., Arizona is the leading copper-producing state, accounting for approximately 70% of domestic output. Copper is also mined in Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah.

DOE Re-Opens Funding Opportunity for Carbon Dioxide Transport Networks to Manage Carbon Emissions

Mon, 13 May 2024 14:22:01 GMT

Funding from President Biden’s Investing in America Agenda will help connect sources of carbon dioxide to locations for geologic storage or conversion through multiple transport modes

WASHINGTON, D.C .— The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) today announced it will make up to $24 million available to support the transport of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) to locations for permanent geologic storage or conversion to useful products. The CO ₂ —captured from industrial and power generation facilities, as well as from legacy carbon dioxide emissions captured directly from the atmosphere—may be transported by any mode of transport such as pipelines, rail, trucks, barges, or ships, including any combination of transport modes. Made possible through President Biden’s Investing in America agenda , this effort supports the development of a large-scale carbon storage industry key to achieving the Administration’s ambitious climate goal of a net-zero emissions economy by 2050.

“Ensuring the safe, reliable expansion of our nation’s carbon dioxide transport system obliges us to consider transport solutions that are well-suited to region-specific requirements,” said Brad Crabtree, Assistant Secretary of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. “With the re-opening of this funding opportunity, we are seeking all viable approaches for transporting carbon emissions that will support a growing carbon management industry that is critical to meeting our nation’s climate goals.”

The United States will likely need to capture and permanently store approximately 400–1,800 million metric tons of CO ₂ annually by 2050 to meet its net-zero commitments. To accommodate the expected rapid growth of the carbon capture and storage industry, we will need to significantly expand our CO ₂ transport network over the next decade to connect CO ₂ sources, such as industrial facilities and power plants, to geologic formations where captured CO ₂ emissions can be securely and permanently stored deep underground or to locations where it can be used as a feedstock to manufacture fuels, chemicals, building materials, and other products. These projects will reduce carbon emissions while protecting and creating healthier environments for local communities.

Carbon Dioxide Transport, Front-End Engineering and Design Funding Announcement

The third opening of this funding opportunity announcement (FOA) will support front-end engineering and design (FEED) studies for regional CO ₂ transport networks to safely transport captured CO ₂ from key sources to centralized locations. Selected projects will focus on carbon transport costs, transport network configurations, and technical and commercial considerations that enable industrial-scale deployment of carbon capture, conversion, and storage.

In alignment with the Biden-Harris Administration’s commitment to advance environmental justice and equity, funding applicants must carefully address the societal considerations and impacts of their proposed projects, emphasizing early and active engagement with communities. Applicants must explain how projects are expected to deliver economic and environmental benefits and mitigate impacts; conduct community and stakeholder engagement; incorporate diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility; and promote workforce development and quality jobs. Projects selected under this opportunity will be required to develop and implement strategies to ensure strong community and worker benefits, and report on such activities and outcomes. The FEED studies will incorporate input from community engagement in identifying alternative routes and applicable safety mitigation measures, where appropriate.

Read more details of this FOA here . All questions must be submitted through FedConnect; register here for an account. The application deadline is July 9, 2024 at 5:00 p.m. ET.

DOE’s Broader Advancements in Carbon Dioxide Transport and Storage

Since January 2021, FECM has committed an estimated $853 million to projects that advance the research, development, and deployment of carbon transport and storage technologies and infrastructure. This total includes $17 million in Bipartisan Infrastructure Law funding for six projects that will perform FEED studies for regional CO ₂ transport networks. This progress is essential to help drive economic development, technological innovation, and high-wage jobs as we build a clean energy and industrial economy.

Superfluid helium: the quantum curiosity that enables huge physics experiments

Thu, 09 May 2024 16:29:50 GMT

Hamish Johnston

If you take helium gas and you cool it at atmospheric pressure to 4.2 K in becomes a liquid. Keep cooling to 2.2 K and the helium enters its superfluid phase, called helium II.

Superfluid helium has several very useful properties and is used in science and technology in multi-tonne quantities today. In particular, helium II is an exceptionally good conductor of heat and this combined with its low temperature means that the superfluid is ideal for cooling components made from superconducting materials.

To learn more about how helium II is used in science and industry, Physics World spoke to John Weisend II who is a senior accelerator engineer at the European Spallation Source and an adjunct professor of engineering at Lund University in Sweden. He is author of Superfluid: How a Quantum Fluid Revolutionized Modern Science and he shares his passion for helium II with Hamish Johnston.

The largest use of helium II is currently in particle accelerators, how is it used at these facilities?

Helium II has two main uses in particle accelerators. One is to cool superconducting electromagnets to temperatures below 2.2 K. These create the large magnetic fields that bend and focus particle beams. The conducting wires in these magnets are usually made from niobium–titanium, which becomes a superconductor below about 9 K. However, further cooling allows the magnets to support higher current densities and higher field strengths. As a result, almost all the magnets on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN are cooled by helium II.

The second main use of helium II at accelerators is to cool superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities, which are used to accelerate particles. These are made from niobium, which is a superconductor at temperatures below about 9 K. Again, these cavities perform much better at superfluid temperatures, where they use less energy to achieve the same acceleration.

An important benefit of using helium II to cool magnets and SRFs is the superfluid’s very high effective thermal conductivity. As well as making it very efficient at removing heat, the high effective conductivity means that helium does not boil in the bulk – unlike normal liquid helium. This confers great advantage in cooling, particularly when it comes to SRF cavities. This is because the cavities are resonant devices and can be detuned by mechanical vibrations caused by boiling.

While CERN is currently the biggest user of helium II, it is also used at other accelerators worldwide. How will it be used at your institute, the European Spallation Source (ESS), which will be up and running next year?

Like existing spallation sources in the UK, US, Switzerland and Japan, the ESS will accelerate protons to very high energies in a linear accelerator. These protons will then strike a tungsten target, where neutrons will be created by the spallation (fragmentation) of the target nuclei. These neutrons with then be slowed down so that their de Broglie wavelengths are on par with the separations of atoms in solids and molecules. Such neutrons are ideal for experiments that explore the properties of matter.

The ESS accelerator is about 400 m in length and 90% of the acceleration will be done by SRF cavities operating at 2 K. The superfluid is created by a helium refrigerator providing up to 3 kW of cooling at 2 K.

Other accelerator facilities that use superfluid cooling include the Thomas Jefferson Laboratory in the US and the European X-ray Free Electron Laser in Germany. A future International Linear Collider – a possible successor to the LHC – would also employ superfluid-cooled SRFs.

While superfluid-cooled magnets are used in particle accelerators, that was not their first application.

That’s right. They were first designed for use in the Tore Supra tokamak, which began operation in 1988 in France. It has since been upgraded and called WEST, which operates today. Tore Supra, like other tokamaks, used magnetic fields to confine a hot hydrogen plasma. The ultimate goal of researchers working on tokamaks is to develop a practical way to harness nuclear fusion as a source of energy.

Tore Supra’s designers wanted to create longer-lasting plasma pulses and realized that this would not be possible using conventional magnets. They saw superfluid-cooled superconducting magnets as the way forward. The Tore Supra team worked out how to handle liquid helium and also they also developed a piece of technology called a cold compressor that would allow them to efficiently and reliably get down to 2 K. These two developments showed that it was possible operate superfluid-cooled magnets.

Helium II has also been used in space, what was the first mission to be superfluid cooled?

The first real use of helium II in space was to cool a space telescope called the Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer and Radiometer (IRAS). This mission was launched in 1983 by the US, the Netherlands and the UK and it surveyed the entire sky at infrared wavelengths. The atmosphere absorbs infrared light, which is why the telescope was launched into space. Once in orbit, its sensors must be kept as cold as possible to detect low levels of infrared light.

This cooling was done using helium II and mission designers had to overcome significant challenges such as how vent helium vapour when it is mixed in with blobs of liquid in a low-gravity environment.

IRAS was a watershed mission in astronomy because nobody had so extensively observed the universe in these infrared wavelengths before. Astronomers could peer through dust clouds and see objects that had been invisible to other telescopes.

IRAS observed the universe for 300 days before its superfluid ran out, but a decade later NASA was able to transfer liquid helium in space. How was that done?

Yes, that was a project called Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer (SHOOT), which carried superfluid helium onboard a Space Shuttle. The demonstration involved transferring superfluid from a full dewar to an empty dewar in microgravity. This was done using a pump that made use of the “fountain effect” in helium II.

How does the fountain effect work?

The effect can be understood in terms of the two fluid model, which describes helium II as having a superfluid component and a normal fluid component. These aren’t real physical phases within helium II, but rather provide a convenient way of understanding many of its mechanical and thermal properties.

The effect occurs when two regions of helium II are separated by a porous plug with micron-sized channels. If the helium II in one region is heated and the other region is cold, the superfluid component will move through the porous media towards the heater. This is possible because the superfluid component has zero viscosity and can move without resistance through the tiny channels – something that the normal fluid component cannot do.

In the heated region, some of the superfluid component will become normal. However, the normal component is viscous and cannot exit the warm region via the porous plug, so pressure builds up. This pressure can be used to pump helium II without the need for mechanical components.

SHOOT was an important demonstration of how helium II could be used transferred in space. However, researchers realized that it is more cost efficient to launch experiments with larger dewars and lower heat loads, than to refill a dewar during a mission.

Helium II also has the ability to flow up the wall of a dewar, but despite its exotic properties a superfluid is relatively easy to handle in bulk. Why is that?

Research done in the 1970s and 80s showed that bulk helium II has essentially the same fluid mechanical properties as a conventional fluid – something that can also be explained by the two fluid model. When helium II flows, quantized vortices in the superfluid component interact with the viscosity of the normal fluid component. The result is that the bulk properties are the same as a conventional fluid.

This is tremendously helpful to engineers like me, I suppose we can be thankful that sometimes the universe is kind. The standard engineering rules that are used to design fluid-handling systems also apply to helium II – rules that help use chose components such as pipes, pumps and valves for a given system. The only instances when we need to consider the special properties of helium II are when we are transferring heat, using porous media or creating thin films of the superfluid.

There are several Nobel Prizes for Physics that were made possible by helium II cooling. Do you have a favorite?

For me it’s the 1996 prize, which went to David Lee, Douglas Osheroff and Robert Richardson for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3. The superfluid that we have been talking about so far in this interview is helium-4, which is by far the most abundant isotope of the element. Helium-4 is a boson and bosonic atoms are able to condense into the lowest quantum energy state of the system, creating a superfluid.

Helium-3 atoms are not bosons, but are fermions. These atoms cannot undergo this Bose–Einstein condensation directly to create a superfluid. However, it the early 1970s Lee, Osheroff and Richardson showed that helium-3 can condense into a superfluid at the much lower temperature of 2.7 mK. The physical mechanism for this is similar to what occurs in superconductors, where at low temperatures, fermionic electrons pair up. These “Cooper pairs” are bosons, so they can condense to create a superconductor in which the electrons can flow without resistance.

Because of its magnetic properties, superfluid helium-3 is a much more complicated substance than superfluid helium-4. It has three different superfluid phases, rather than the one phase of helium-4.

What I like about this discovery is that the trio weren’t searching for superfluity in their experiment. Instead, they were studying the properties of solid helium-3 at very low temperatures and high pressure. I really like the fact that they were looking for one thing and found something entirely different. Often, the most exciting scientific discoveries are made this way.

How Clean is the Nickel and Lithium in a Battery?

Tue, 07 May 2024 13:27:58 GMT

By Sponsored Content Article/Editing: Bruno Venditti

How Clean is the Nickel and Lithium in a Battery?

The production of lithium (Li) and nickel (Ni), two key raw materials for batteries, can produce vastly different emissions profiles.

This graphic from Wood Mackenzie shows how nickel and lithium mining can significantly impact the environment, depending on the processes used for extraction.

Nickel Emissions Per Extraction Process

Nickel is a crucial metal in modern infrastructure and technology, with major uses in stainless steel and alloys. Nickel’s electrical conductivity also makes it ideal for facilitating current flow within battery cells.

Today, there are two major methods of nickel mining:

From laterite deposits, which are predominantly found in tropical regions. This involves open-pit mining, where large amounts of soil and overburden need to be removed to access the nickel-rich ore.
From sulphide ores, which involves underground or open-pit mining of ore deposits containing nickel sulphide minerals.

Although nickel laterites make up 70% of the world’s nickel reserves , magmatic sulphide deposits produced 60% of the world’s nickel over the last 60 years.

Compared to laterite extraction, sulphide mining typically emits fewer tonnes of CO2 per tonne of nickel equivalent as it involves less soil disturbance and has a smaller physical footprint:

Nickel extraction from laterites can impose significant environmental impacts, such as deforestation, habitat destruction, and soil erosion.

Additionally, laterite ores often contain high levels of moisture, requiring energy-intensive drying processes to prepare them for further extraction. After extraction, the smelting of laterites requires a significant amount of energy, which is largely sourced from fossil fuels.

Although sulphide mining is cleaner, it poses other environmental challenges. The extraction and processing of sulphide ores can release sulphur compounds and heavy metals into the environment, potentially leading to acid mine drainage and contamination of water sources if not managed properly.

In addition, nickel sulphides are typically more expensive to mine due to their hard rock nature.

Lithium Emissions Per Extraction Process

Lithium is the major ingredient in rechargeable batteries found in phones, hybrid cars, electric bikes, and grid-scale storage systems.

Today, there are two major methods of lithium extraction:

From brine, pumping lithium-rich brine from underground aquifers into evaporation ponds, where solar energy evaporates the water and concentrates the lithium content. The concentrated brine is then further processed to extract lithium carbonate or hydroxide.
Hard rock mining, or extracting lithium from mineral ores (primarily spodumene) found in pegmatite deposits. Australia, the world’s leading producer of lithium (46.9%), extracts lithium directly from hard rock.

Brine extraction is typically employed in countries with salt flats, such as Chile, Argentina, and China. It is generally considered a lower-cost method, but it can have environmental impacts such as water usage, potential contamination of local water sources, and alteration of ecosystems.

The process, however, emits fewer tonnes of CO2 per tonne of lithium-carbonate-equivalent (LCE) than mining:

Mining involves drilling, blasting, and crushing the ore, followed by flotation to separate lithium-bearing minerals from other minerals. This type of extraction can have environmental impacts such as land disturbance, energy consumption, and the generation of waste rock and tailings.

Sustainable Production of Lithium and Nickel

Environmentally responsible practices in the extraction and processing of nickel and lithium are essential to ensure the sustainability of the battery supply chain.

This includes implementing stringent environmental regulations, promoting energy efficiency, reducing water consumption, and exploring cleaner technologies. Continued research and development efforts focused on improving extraction methods and minimizing environmental impacts are crucial.

Sign up to Wood Mackenzie’s Inside Track to learn more about the impact of an accelerated energy transition on mining and metals.

DOE Announces $500 Million to Build a Safe and Reliable Carbon Dioxide Transportation System

Fri, 03 May 2024 14:19:55 GMT

Funding from President Biden’s Investing in America agenda will provide transport infrastructure needed to support future growth of the carbon capture and storage industry

WASHINGTON, D.C. — As part of President Biden’s Investing in America agenda , the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) today announced up to $500 million available for projects that will help expand carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) transportation infrastructure to help reduce CO ₂ emissions across the United States. Meeting the Biden-Harris Administration’s goal of a net-zero emissions economy by mid-century will require accelerating the responsible development and deployment of technology to capture CO ₂ emissions from industrial operations and power generation and to remove CO ₂ directly from the atmosphere. These efforts must be supported by a safe and reliable system that can transport the captured CO ₂ , either for permanent geologic storage or for conversion to useful, durable products.

“To successfully achieve our climate goals, it is critical to ensure that we have adequate infrastructure in place to accommodate the growing volumes of carbon dioxide over the next 25 years that we must capture from industrial facilities, power plants, and future direct air capture projects and then transport to geologic formations for permanent storage,” said Brad Crabtree, Assistant Secretary of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management . “Making investments in additional transportation capacity now allows us to plan ahead for future growth and take advantage of economies of scale, resulting in significant monetary and environmental benefits by avoiding unnecessary future construction of separate, redundant transport networks.”

America’s carbon transport system is already of significant scale—including multiple methods such as pipelines, trucks, and freight that together transport almost 60 million metric tons of CO ₂ per year. The United States will likely need to capture and permanently store approximately 400–1,800 million tonnes of CO ₂ annually to meet its net-zero commitments by 2050. To accommodate the rapid growth of carbon capture and storage industry, we must significantly expand the infrastructure to transport carbon dioxide over the next decade.

Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Future Growth Grants

This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) will provide future growth grants under DOE’s Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation (CIFIA) program, made available through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. Future growth grants are intended to provide financial assistance for designing, developing, and building CO ₂ transport capacity up front that will then be available for future carbon capture and direct air capture facilities as they are developed and for additional CO ₂ storage and/or conversion sites as they come into operation.

Under this FOA, the transport system—which may include pipelines, rail, trucks, barges, and/or ships—must connect, either directly or indirectly, two or more CO ₂ emitting sources to one or more conversion sites or secure geologic storage facilities. DOE is interested in projects sited in different regions that will provide increased understanding of varying CO ₂ transport costs, transport modes, and transport network configurations, as well as technical, regulatory, and commercial considerations. This information will help inform DOE’s research and development strategy and to encourage commercial-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage and CO ₂ removal.

Read more details about this FOA here . All questions must be submitted through FedConnect; register here for an account. The application deadline is July 30, 2024 at 5:00 p.m. ET.

Societal Considerations and Impacts

DOE’s Advancement of Carbon Dioxide Transport and Storage

Since January 2021, FECM has announced more than $842 million in project investments that advance research, development, and deployment of carbon transport and storage. This progress is essential to help drive economic development, technological innovation, and high-wage jobs as we build a clean energy and industrial economy.

FECM minimizes environmental and climate impacts of fossil fuels and industrial processes while working to achieve net-zero emissions across the U.S economy. Priority areas of technology work include carbon capture, carbon conversion, carbon dioxide removal, carbon dioxide transport and storage, hydrogen production with carbon management, methane emissions reduction, and critical minerals production. To learn more, visit the FECM website , sign up for FECM news announcements, and visit the National Energy Technology Laboratory website

The Key Minerals in an EV Battery

Wed, 01 May 2024 13:54:24 GMT

By Govind Bhutada Graphics/Design: Athul Alexander

Breaking Down the Key Minerals in an EV Battery

Inside practically every electric vehicle (EV) is a lithium-ion battery that depends on several key minerals that help power it.

Some minerals make up intricate parts within the cell to ensure the flow of electrical current. Others protect it from accidental damage on the outside.

This infographic uses data from the European Federation for Transport and Environment to break down the key minerals in an EV battery. The mineral content is based on the ‘average 2020 battery’, which refers to the weighted average of battery chemistries on the market in 2020.

The Battery Minerals Mix

The cells in the average battery with a 60 kilowatt-hour (kWh) capacity—the same size that’s used in a Chevy Bolt—contained roughly 185 kilograms of minerals. This figure excludes materials in the electrolyte, binder, separator, and battery pack casing.

The cathode contains the widest variety of minerals and is arguably the most important and expensive component of the battery. The composition of the cathode is a major determinant in the performance of the battery, with each mineral offering a unique benefit.

For example, NMC batteries, which accounted for 72% of batteries used in EVs in 2020 (excluding China), have a cathode composed of nickel, manganese, and cobalt along with lithium. The higher nickel content in these batteries tends to increase their energy density or the amount of energy stored per unit of volume, increasing the driving range of the EV. Cobalt and manganese often act as stabilizers in NMC batteries, improving their safety.

Altogether, materials in the cathode account for 31.3% of the mineral weight in the average battery produced in 2020. This figure doesn’t include aluminum, which is used in nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) cathode chemistries, but is also used elsewhere in the battery for casing and current collectors.

Meanwhile, graphite has been the go-to material for anodes due to its relatively low cost, abundance, and long cycle life. Since the entire anode is made up of graphite, it’s the single-largest mineral component of the battery. Other materials include steel in the casing that protects the cell from external damage, along with copper, used as the current collector for the anode.

Minerals Bonded by Chemistry

There are several types of lithium-ion batteries with different compositions of cathode minerals. Their names typically allude to their mineral breakdown.

For example:

NMC811 batteries cathode composition:
80% nickel
10% manganese
10% cobalt
NMC523 batteries cathode composition:
50% nickel
20% manganese
30% cobalt

Here’s how the mineral contents differ for various battery chemistries with a 60kWh capacity:

With consumers looking for higher-range EVs that do not need frequent recharging, nickel-rich cathodes have become commonplace. In fact, nickel-based chemistries accounted for 80% of the battery capacity deployed in new plug-in EVs in 2021.

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries do not use any nickel and typically offer lower energy densities at better value. Unlike nickel-based batteries that use lithium hydroxide compounds in the cathode, LFP batteries use lithium carbonate, which is a cheaper alternative. Tesla recently joined several Chinese automakers in using LFP cathodes for standard-range cars, driving the price of lithium carbonate to record highs.

The EV battery market is still in its early hours, with plenty of growth on the horizon. Battery chemistries are constantly evolving, and as automakers come up with new models with different characteristics, it’ll be interesting to see which new cathodes come around the block.

DOE Invests $23 Million to Evaluate the Potential for Use of Captured Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Enhanced Oil Recovery With Geologic Storage in Unconventional Reservoirs

Mon, 29 Apr 2024 14:13:26 GMT

WASHINGTON, D.C. — The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) today announced two projects selected to receive a total of $23.2 million to evaluate the potential of oil and gas production and geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) from unconventional reservoirs through a combined process that uses captured CO ₂ emissions to recover residual oil—called CO ₂ enhanced oil recovery (CO ₂ -EOR). The projects will help evaluate the feasibility for permanent storage of CO ₂ in depleted unconventional shale oil and gas reservoirs, repurposing existing infrastructure in support of the Biden-Harris Administration’s historic decarbonization goals.

“Today we’re investing in a key opportunity to use carbon dioxide to recover a greater portion of our country’s energy resources without drilling new wells,” said Brad Crabtree, Assistant Secretary of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. “At the same time, these projects will study the ability to transition unconventional oil reservoirs into carbon storage reservoirs—reducing the carbon intensity of oil production while supporting our nationwide efforts to capture and permanently store carbon dioxide to slow the harmful effects of climate change.”

CO ₂ -EOR is a technique used to recover oil, typically from mature conventional oil fields that are no longer productive using traditional oil recovery methods, which can leave up to two-thirds of the original oil in place. In conventional oilfields, the CO ₂ -EOR process is not only effective in increasing ultimate oil recovery, but the depleted reservoir can provide a geologic formation suitable for permanent storage of CO ₂ emissions during and after the oil recovery process. Following the useful production life of the reservoir, the location can then be used for continued injection and storage of captured CO ₂ such that it remains permanently underground in the geologic formation, thereby prevented from entering the atmosphere.

The two selected projects will focus on examining the effectiveness of the CO ₂ -EOR with geologic storage process when applied to low-permeability, light-oil unconventional reservoirs that have dominated new production in recent years, as well as understand the potential to safely store CO ₂ in these complex systems. In conjunction with this testing, the projects will collect critical data on how CO ₂ -EOR and carbon storage can be co-optimized with the goal of reducing the carbon footprint of the incremental oil produced.

GTI Energy (Des Plaines, Illinois) will develop an integrated field laboratory study for incremental oil recovery and to test the feasibility of CO ₂ storage in depleted unconventional reservoirs in Texas’s Midland Basin.

University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center (Grand Forks, North Dakota) will conduct laboratory, modeling, and field studies for injecting CO ₂ into an unconventional reservoir located in the Williston Basin’s Bakken Formation for incremental oil recovery along with CO ₂ storage.

DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), under the purview of FECM, will manage the selected projects. A detailed list of the selected projects can be found here .

The two selected project teams were required as part of their applications to submit  Community Benefits Plans to demonstrate meaningful engagement with and tangible benefits to the communities in which these projects will be located. These plans provide details on their commitments to community and labor engagement, quality job creation, diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility and benefits to disadvantaged communities as part of the  Justice40 Initiative .

The vital uses of helium in scientific research

Wed, 24 Apr 2024 16:23:38 GMT

Although abundant in the universe, helium is a finite and irreplaceable resource on Earth, playing a critical role in various scientific endeavours.

While you may know it as the substance that allows balloons to defy gravity, the uses of helium extend far beyond mere amusement.

In scientific research, helium is indispensable—used in everything from cooling the powerful magnets in MRI machines to enabling the Large Hadron Collider to delve into the mysteries of particle physics.

You rely on its unique properties often without even realising it, as it quietly underpins a multitude of technologies woven into the fabric of daily life.

Yet, as we stand on the brink of new scientific revelations, it’s crucial to understand why the scarcity of this unsung hero could pose a threat to innovation and what steps the global community must take to ensure its availability for future generations.

Unique properties of helium

Helium’s exceptional properties, such as its extreme stability and low boiling point, render it irreplaceable in various scientific applications.

Helium isotopes, for instance, provide critical insights in fields ranging from geology to nuclear physics. While Helium-4 is abundant and widely used, Helium-3 has become a sought-after isotope for neutron detection and research due to its rarity.

The abundance of helium in the universe is staggering; it ranks as the second most prevalent element after hydrogen. However, it is relatively scarce here on Earth, necessitating careful extraction and conservation.

Unlike simply gathering it from the air, helium must be separated from natural gas reserves through a process that captures its low boiling point, a characteristic crucial for helium liquefaction.

Once liquefied, helium becomes a superfluid at temperatures near absolute zero, exhibiting zero viscosity and the ability to flow without dissipating energy—a phenomenon not just an impressive party trick but vital for cutting-edge scientific research.

Helium spectroscopy, an essential tool for understanding atomic and molecular structures, relies on helium’s lack of reactivity to create an inert spectral environment, which is crucial for accurate measurements and groundbreaking discoveries.

Helium extraction and resources

Understanding the critical uses of helium for scientific progress underscores the need to examine how we extract and manage this finite resource.

Helium reserves are not evenly distributed globally, with significant deposits in the US , Qatar, and Algeria. These reserves are crucial for maintaining a steady supply chain of helium , but they are depleting at a pace that could affect future applications.

Extraction methods primarily involve separating helium from natural gas. This process becomes economically viable when the concentration of helium is above 0.3%.

Looking ahead, the future prospects of helium supply are a growing concern. With the current rate of consumption, alternatives and conservation measures are becoming increasingly important.

Innovations in recycling and more efficient extraction methods could alleviate some of the pressure on existing reserves. Economic implications, such as price volatility and the cost of extraction technology, also play a significant role in helium accessibility for research and industry.

Responsible management of helium resources is not just about supply and demand—it’s about ensuring that this irreplaceable element remains available for critical applications in medicine, space exploration, and technology.

Balancing economic growth with environmental stewardship and resource conservation is key to sustaining helium availability for future generations.

Helium in medicine

The uses of helium in the medical field are vast, particularly in the operation of MRI machines. This indispensable element has been a game-changer in healthcare technology, driving medical advancements that save lives every day.

In diagnostic imaging, helium’s unique properties allow MRI machines to generate detailed images of the human body, providing doctors with critical information to make accurate diagnoses.

Helium’s low boiling point keeps the superconducting magnets in MRI scanners extremely cold, preventing them from overheating. Without helium, the therapeutic benefits of MRIs would not be possible. It’s a silent yet powerful force behind the scenes, ensuring that patients receive the best care possible.

The following table highlights the essential uses of helium in the medical sector:

Each of these applications showcases helium’s versatility in medical applications and its integral part in research innovations that lead to new therapies and cures.

Scientific uses of helium

The uses of helium extend to various scientific applications, from particle physics to space exploration. You might be surprised to learn just how critical this element is in driving innovation and discovery.

Helium’s unique properties make it the go-to choice for cryogenic experiments . It allows scientists to push the boundaries of what’s possible in low-temperature research, a field that’s vital for understanding the quantum realm.

In particle accelerators, the uses of helium are non-negotiable. It ensures that these massive machines can operate efficiently, enabling us to delve into the fundamental particles that make up the universe.

Furthermore, helium plays a pivotal role in plasma physics and astrophysical observations. It aids in creating and studying plasma states, which are crucial for understanding solar activities and developing fusion energy.

When it comes to observing distant celestial bodies, helium’s role in cooling infrared detectors helps us peer further into space, unveiling the mysteries of the cosmos.

Industrial and aerospace applications

Beyond its scientific and medical applications, helium’s unique properties are also indispensable in industrial processes and the aerospace industry, where it plays a critical role in everything from manufacturing to space exploration.

You’ll find that helium is at the heart of numerous manufacturing advancements, providing an inert atmosphere for producing high-quality fibre optics and semiconductors . It’s also crucial in welding processes, where it shields materials from the air to prevent unwanted oxidation.

In terms of space exploration, helium’s role becomes even more pronounced. This lightweight yet powerful element is used to purge and pressurise fuel tanks in rockets, a testament to its versatility and reliability in extreme conditions. NASA and other space agencies rely on helium for their groundbreaking missions, making it a staple in the push for aerospace innovations.

In military technology, the uses of helium are equally vital. Its applications range from pressurising missile fuel tanks to operating surveillance balloons – tools that are essential for national defence operations. The military’s high-tech apparatus, often operating under rigorous demands, benefits from helium’s stable and non-reactive nature.

Lastly, consider the wider scope of industrial processes where helium is a silent yet essential player. From detecting leaks in critical pipelines to aiding in the production of metals like titanium, helium’s role can’t be overstated.

Conservation and recycling

It is increasingly crucial to prioritise helium conservation and recycling efforts to sustain its availability for future generations. Implementing sustainable practices and supporting policies that promote resource management are essential steps in this direction.

With advanced recycling technology, it’s possible to recover and purify helium for repeated use, ensuring that this finite resource remains available for the cutting-edge scientific research that depends on it.

Global supply challenges

The scarcity of helium presents a significant challenge to the global supply chain, impacting industries and research institutions worldwide. As we’re all aware, helium is vital for numerous applications, and its limited availability has far-reaching market implications.

Technological advancements have increased global demand, leading to tensions in economic stability. The crunch is real, and it’s not just a matter of inflated prices—it’s about sustaining industries that rely on this irreplaceable gas.

We’re in a world where maintaining supply while investing in recycling and recovery methods is crucial. It’s not just about keeping our balloons afloat; it’s about ensuring that technological progress doesn’t come to a standstill.

The next breakthrough in medicine or space exploration could hinge on a steady supply of helium, and that’s something worth taking seriously.

Sizing Up: The Oil Market vs Top 10 Metal Markets Combined

Mon, 22 Apr 2024 15:09:09 GMT

By Govind Bhutada Graphics/Design: Sam Parker

The Size of the Oil Market vs Top 10 Metal Markets

While the global economy relies on many commodities, none come close to the massive scale of the oil market.

Besides being the primary energy source for transportation, oil is a key raw material for numerous other industries like plastics, fertilizers, cosmetics, and medicine. As a result, the global physical oil market is astronomical in size and has a significant economic and geopolitical influence, with a few countries dominating global oil production .

The above infographic puts crude oil’s market size into perspective by comparing it to the 10 largest metal markets combined. To calculate market sizes, we used the latest price multiplied by global production in 2022, based on data from TradingEconomics and the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ).

Note: This analysis focuses on raw and physical materials, excluding derivative markets and alloy materials like steel.

How Big Is the Oil Market?

In 2022, the world produced an average of 80.75 million barrels of oil per day (including condensates). That puts annual crude oil production at around 29.5 billion barrels, with the market size exceeding $2 trillion at current prices.

That figure dwarfs the combined size of the 10 largest metal markets:

Based on prices as of June 7, 2023.

The combined market size of the top 10 metal markets amounts to $967 billion, less than half that of the oil market. In fact, even if we added all the remaining smaller raw metal markets , the oil market would still be far bigger.

This also reflects the massive scale of global oil consumption annually, with the resource having a ubiquitous presence in our daily lives.

The Big Picture

While the oil market towers over metal markets, it’s important to recognize that this doesn’t downplay the importance of these commodities.

Metals form a critical building block of the global economy, playing a key role in infrastructure, energy technologies, and more. Meanwhile, precious metals like gold and silver serve as important stores of value.

As the world shifts towards a more sustainable future and away from fossil fuels, it’ll be interesting to see how the markets for oil and other commodities evolve.

DOE Invests $8 Million for Projects to Advance Carbon Capture Technologies that Decarbonize Industrial Processes and Produce Valuable Products

Fri, 19 Apr 2024 13:20:11 GMT

Fourteen private sector and university-led projects will support sustainable industrial practices that deliver economic opportunities and a healthier climate for U.S. communities and workers

WASHINGTON, D.C. — The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) today announced $8 million in federal funding for 14 projects to advance technologies that capture carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) from industrial facilities and power plants and convert those CO ₂ emissions into valuable products. Advancing the development of these technologies will help decarbonize industrial processes and establish the foundation for the development of a successful carbon conversion industry in the United States--supporting the Biden-Harris Administration’s ambitious climate goals of achieving a carbon-neutral power sector by 2035 and net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

“Industrial processes are responsible for approximately one-third of our domestic greenhouse gas emissions,” said Brad Crabtree, Assistant Secretary of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management . “The projects announced today will develop alternative feedstocks and technologies for critical products like chemicals, steel, and paper, and provide significant reductions in carbon and methane emissions to address climate change and create a healthier future for all Americans.”

Six projects will focus on advancing research and development to use CO ₂ captured from sources such as industrial and power generation facilities to produce algae-derived, value-added products:

Arizona Board of Regents (Tempe, Arizona) will use captured CO ₂ emissions to produce algal biomass and convert the biomass into asphalt products.
University of Illinois (Champaign Illinois) will verify the ability of an algae feed product to support CO ₂ capture and reduce methane emissions.
CLEARAS Water Recovery, Inc. (Missoula, Montana) will capture CO ₂ from the flue gas of water treatment facilities while producing algae-based feedstocks for chemicals production.
Global Algae Innovations (San Diego, California) will capture CO ₂ from the flue gas of a naphtha-fired power plant while producing algae as feedstock for polyurethane production.
Helios-NRG LLC (East Amherst, New York) will convert CO ₂ emissions from brewery off-gas into algae biomass to produce animal feed products.
MicroBio Engineering Inc. (San Luis Obispo, California) will cultivate microalgae for use in commercial bioproducts such as organic fertilizer and high-value pigment extraction.

Eight projects will seek to advance oxygen-based approaches such as oxy-combustion and chemical looping, which could lead to reductions in CO ₂ emissions associated with industrial production processes:

Catalytic and Redox Solutions LLC (Cary, North Carolina) will implement a chemical looping process to capture and convert CO ₂ for the sustainable production of aromatics.
Electricore Inc. (Valencia, California) will develop the conceptual design of an oxyfuel combustion system for retrofitting existing rotary lime kilns to improve the efficiency and reduce the carbon emissions of lime production.
Kansas State University (Manhattan, Kansas) will design and validate a bifunctional chemical looping concept to produce chemicals and mitigate CO ₂ emissions in both reduction and oxidation steps.
North Carolina State University (Raleigh, North Carolina) will demonstrate its chemical looping technology for cost-effective, net-zero ethylene production.
The Ohio State University (OSU) (Columbus, Ohio) will focus on generating syngas from carbon-neutral biomass feedstocks while enabling complete CO ₂ capture at an iron production facility.
The University of Alabama (Tuscaloosa, Alabama) will work to further develop gas switching technologies as a promising alternative to chemical looping applications for hydrogen production with integrated CO ₂ capture.
University of Kentucky (Lexington, Kentucky) will use a hydrogen and direct iron coupled chemical looping process for gasification/hydrogen production.
Washington University in St. Louis (St. Louis, Missouri) will use a pressurized oxy-combustion technology to decarbonize steam processes, with specific emphasis on the paper industry.

DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), under the purview of FECM, will manage selected projects. Additional details about the selected projects can be found here .

The selected project teams were required, as part of their applications, to submit  Community Benefits Plans to demonstrate meaningful engagement with and tangible benefits to the communities in which these projects will be located. These plans provide details on their commitments to community and labor engagement, quality job creation, diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility, and benefits to disadvantaged communities as part of the  Justice40 Initiative .

Rework of a Pre-Existing Oil Well in Southwest Kansas

Wed, 17 Apr 2024 12:20:49 GMT

TORONTO, April 17, 2024 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC") or (the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the rework of a pre-existing oil well in southwest Kansas as a test for oil production in the region.

Initiation of Ardery Oil Well Rework
Building on its experience in natural resource management, especially recent work in Kansas, VVC has leveraged its subsurface mineral rights to examine the feasibility of oil production in an area where the Company is already involved in helium and natural gas production. Through geological due diligence, VVC has confirmed the potential for oil production within the area. This confirmation aligns with historic data indicating over 12 million barrels of oil production directly north of Ardery well site.

Operational Strategy and Zonal Potential
The Ardery test is distinguished by its multi-zone production potential, comprising the Morrow Sandstone and the underlying St. Louis Limestone "B" & "C" zones. This project, if successful will enhance the economic outlook of VVC’s Kansas projects.

Jim Culver, CEO & President of VVC, stated, "The initiation of the Ardery oil well rework offers significant opportunity for VVC to test the potential for oil production in the areas where the Company is involved with helium and natural gas exploration and production at a relatively low cost."

A Continued Commitment to Sustainable Practices
VVC remains dedicated to environmentally responsible practices. The Company’s operations are conducted with the utmost regard to ensuring sustainability, minimal environmental impact and adherence to the highest industry standards and best practices.

About VVC Resources
VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

Copper Prices Hit 22 Month High as Supply Concerns Mount

Mon, 15 Apr 2024 14:55:10 GMT

Giann Liguid

The red metal reached an intraday high of US$9,365 per metric ton on April 10 for first time since June 2022.

Copper prices hit a nearly two year high this week, and according to analysts at investment bank Citigroup (NYSE: C ) that's a sign the red metal has entered its second secular bull market of the century.

Over the past two months, copper has surged by more than 15.75 percent, fueled by disruptions at mining operations that have threatened refined copper production in China, a major global supplier.

“The recent disruptions to major mines are starting to ripple through the industry,” said strategist Daniel Hynes of Melbourne's ANZ Bank. “A group of 13 major copper smelters in China is preparing for a possible 10 percent production cut due to a collapse in treatment and refining charges.”

In an article published on Thursday (April 11), Warren Patterson and Ewa Manthey of research firm ING said they believe copper's price move can be attributed to a global supply deficit.

“The main catalyst for copper’s rally is the unexpected tightening in the global mine supply, most notably First Quantum’s (TSX: FM ,OTC Pink:FQVLF) mine in Panama, which has removed around 4,000,000 tonnes of the metal from the world’s annual supply," they wrote. The Cobre Panama mine was forced to shut its doors at the end of 2023.

Copper's 2024 price performance.

Chart via the London Metal Exchange .

“In addition, Anglo American (LSE: AAL ,OTCQX:AAUKF), said it was cutting output by 200,000 tonnes. And Codelco, the world’s biggest copper producer, is struggling to recover from the lowest output in a quarter of a century,” they added.

Analysts at Bank of America (NYSE: BAC ) also believe copper supply is at risk , citing a lack of new mines. The firm recently raised its 2024 price target to US$9,321 per metric ton (MT), up from its previous forecast of US$8,625.

On the demand side, China's economic recovery is adding fuel to the fire. Positive signs like a strong Purchasing Managers' Index and rising exports are raising hopes for a renewed surge in Chinese copper demand.

During the 2000s bull market, copper prices leaped more than fivefold in three years on the back of rapid urbanization and industrialization in the Asian nation. Analysts suggest a similar trend could unfold over the next three years.

Other base metals, including zinc, have also experienced gains amid concerns over Chinese refined output risks.

Exploration challenges threaten future copper supply

Copper supply woes are not a new issue — decades-old problems are behind the growing shortfall.

Declining exploration spending has disproportionately impacted junior mining companies. These companies, which are vital for early stage discovery, witnessed an 8 percent drop in exploration expenditures in 2023.

Junior explorers play a key role in finding new copper deposits, but lack of investment makes it difficult for them to secure funding for the high-risk, high-reward projects needed to identify the next generation of copper mines.

While overall copper exploration funding saw a 12 percent increase last year, the majority of these investments — around US$3.12 billion — went toward existing or near-production assets instead of discovery.

Copper’s positive price fundamentals have prompted analysts to anticipate further increases in the coming months.

As of 9:57 a.m. EDT on Thursday (April 11) copper was trading at US$9,374 on the London Metal Exchange.

Visualizing the Rise of the U.S. as Top Crude Oil Producer

Wed, 10 Apr 2024 19:44:51 GMT

By Omri Wallach Article/Editing: Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Joyce Ma

Visualizing the Rise of the U.S. as Top Crude Oil Producer

Over the last decade, the United States has established itself as the world’s top producer of crude oil , surpassing Saudi Arabia and Russia.

This infographic illustrates the rise of the U.S. as the biggest oil producer, based on data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ).

U.S. Takes Lead in 2018

Over the last three decades, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Russia have alternated as the top crude producers, but always by small margins.

During the 1990s, Saudi Arabia dominated crude production, taking advantage of its extensive oil reserves . The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 42% of the country’s GDP, 87% of its budget revenues, and 90% of export earnings.

However, during the 2000s, Russia surpassed Saudi Arabia in production during some years, following strategic investments in expanding its oil infrastructure. The majority of Russia’s oil goes to OECD Europe (60%), with around 20% going to China.

Over the 2010s, the U.S. witnessed an increase in domestic production, much of it attributable to hydraulic fracturing, or “ fracking ,” in the shale formations ranging from Texas to North Dakota. It became the world’s largest oil producer in 2018, outproducing Russia and Saudi Arabia.

The U.S. accounted for 14.7% of crude oil production worldwide in 2022, compared to 13.1% for Saudi Arabia and 12.7% for Russia.

Despite leading petroleum production, the U.S. still trails seven countries in remaining proven reserves underground, with 55,251 million barrels.

Venezuela has the biggest reserves with 303,221 million barrels. Saudi Arabia, with 267,192 million barrels, occupies the second spot, while Russia is seventh with 80,000 million barrels.

EVs vs. Gas Vehicles: What Are Cars Made Out Of?

Mon, 08 Apr 2024 15:30:42 GMT

By Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Rosey Eason

EVs vs. Gas Vehicles: What Are Cars Made Out Of?

Electric vehicles (EVs) require a wider range of minerals for their motors and batteries compared to conventional cars.

In fact, an EV can have up to six times more minerals than a combustion vehicle, making them on average 340 kg (750 lbs) heavier.

This infographic, based on data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), compares the minerals used in a typical electric car with a conventional gas car.

Editor’s note: Steel and aluminum are not shown in analysis. Mineral values are for the entire vehicle including batteries and motors.

Batteries Are Heavy

Sales of electric cars are booming and the rising demand for minerals used in EVs is already posing a challenge for the mining industry to keep up. That’s because, unlike gas cars that run on internal combustion engines, EVs rely on huge, mineral-intensive batteries to power the car.

For example, the average 60 kilowatt-hour (kWh) battery pack—the same size that’s used in a Chevy Bolt—alone contains roughly 185 kilograms of minerals, or about 10 times as much as in a typical car battery (18 kg).

Lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, and graphite are all crucial to battery performance, longevity, and energy density. Furthermore, EVs can contain more than a mile of copper wiring inside the stator to convert electric energy into mechanical energy.

Out of the eight minerals in our list, five are not used in conventional cars: graphite, nickel, cobalt, lithium, and rare earths.

Minerals listed for the electric car are based on the IEA’s analysis using a 75 kWh battery pack with a NMC 622 cathode and graphite-based anode.

Since graphite is the primary anode material for EV batteries, it’s also the largest component by weight. Although materials like nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium are smaller components individually, together they make up the cathode, which plays a critical role in determining EV performance.

Although the engine in conventional cars is heavier compared to EVs, it requires fewer minerals. Engine components are usually made up of iron alloys, such as structural steels, stainless steels, iron base sintered metals, as well as cast iron or aluminum alloyed parts.

EV motors, however, often rely on permanent magnets made of rare earths and can contain up to a mile of copper wiring that converts electric energy into mechanical energy.

The EV Impact on Metals Markets

The growth of the EV market is not only beginning to have a noticeable impact on the automobile industry but the metals market as well.

EVs and battery storage have already displaced consumer electronics to become the largest consumer of lithium and are set to take over from the stainless steel industry as the largest end-user of nickel by 2040.

In 2021 H2, 84,600 tonnes of nickel were deployed onto roads globally in the batteries of all newly sold passenger EVs combined, 59% more than in 2020 H2. Moreover, another 107,200 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) were deployed globally in new EV batteries, an 88% increase year-on-year.

With rising government support and consumers embracing electric vehicles, securing the supply of the materials necessary for the EV revolution will remain a top priority.

Explainer: What Key Factors Influence Gas Prices?

Thu, 04 Apr 2024 17:04:36 GMT

By Carmen Ang Graphics/Design: Miranda Smith | Clayton Wadsworth

Explainer: What Key Factors Influence Gas Prices?

Across the United States, the cost of gas has been a hot topic of conversation lately, as prices reach record-breaking highs.

The national average now sits at $5.00 per gallon , and by the end of summer, this figure could grow to $6 per gallon, according to estimates by JPMorgan.

But before we can have an understanding of what’s happening at the pump, it’s important to first know what key factors dictate the price of gas.

This graphic, using data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ), outlines the main components that influence gas prices, providing each factor’s proportional impact on price.

The Four Main Factors

According to the EIA, there are four main factors that influence the price of gas:

Crude oil prices (54%)
Refining costs (14%)
Taxes (16%)
Distribution, and marketing costs (16%)

More than half the cost of filling your tank is influenced by the price of crude oil. Meanwhile, the rest of the price at the pump is split fairly equally between refining costs, marketing and distribution, and taxes.

Let’s look at each factor in more depth.

Crude Oil Prices

The most influential factor is the cost of crude oil, which is largely dictated by international supply and demand.

Despite being the world’s largest oil producer, the U.S. remains a net importer of crude oil, with the majority coming from Canada, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia. Because of America’s reliance on imports, U.S. gas prices are largely influenced by the global crude oil market.

A number of geopolitical factors can influence the crude oil market, but one of the biggest influences is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ), led by Saudi Arabia.

Established in 1960, OPEC was created to combat U.S. dominance of the global oil market. OPEC sets production targets for its 13 member countries, and historically, oil prices have been linked to changes in OPEC production. Today, OPEC countries are responsible for about 60% of internationally traded petroleum.

Refining Costs

Oil needs to be refined into gasoline before it can be used by consumers, which is why refining costs are factored into the price of gas.

The U.S. has hundreds of refineries across the country. The country’s largest refinery, owned by the Saudi Arabian company Saudi Aramco , processes around 607,000 barrels of oil per day.

The exact cost of refining varies, depending on a number of factors such as the type of crude oil used, the processing technology available at the refinery, and the gasoline requirements in specific parts of the country.

In general, refining capacity in the U.S. has not been keeping up with oil demand. Several refineries shut down throughout the pandemic, but even before COVID-19, refining capacity in the U.S. was lagging behind demand. Incredibly, there haven’t been any brand-new refining facilities built in the country since 1977 .

Taxes

In the U.S., taxes also play a critical role in determining the price of gas.

Across America, the average gasoline tax is $0.57 per gallon , however, the exact amount fluctuates from state to state. Here’s a look at the top five states with the highest gas taxes:

*Note: figures include both state and federal tax

States with high gas taxes usually spend the extra money on improvements to their infrastructure or local transportation. For instance, Illinois doubled its gas taxes in 2019 as part of a $45 billion infrastructure plan.

California, the state with the highest tax on gas, is expecting to see a rate increase this July, which will drive gas prices up by around three cents per gallon.

Distribution and Marketing Costs

Lastly, the costs of distribution and marketing have an impact on the price of gas.

Gasoline is typically shipped from refineries to local terminals via pipelines . From there, the gasoline is processed further to ensure it meets market requirements or local government standards.

Gas stations then distribute the final product to the consumer. The cost of running a gas station varies—some gas stations are owned and operated by brand-name refineries like Chevron, while others are smaller-scale operations owned by independent merchants.

The big-name brands run a lot of advertisements. According to Morning Consult, Chevron, BP PLC, Exxon Mobil Corp., and Royal Dutch Shell PLC aired TV advertisements in the U.S. more than 44,495 times between June 1, 2020, and Aug. 31, 2021.

How Does the Russia-Ukraine Conflict Impact U.S. Gas Prices?

If only a fraction of America’s oil comes from Russia, why is the Russia-Ukraine conflict impacting prices in the U.S.?

Because oil is bought and sold on a global commodities market. So, when countries imposed sanctions on Russian oil, that put a squeeze on global supply, which ultimately drove up prices.

This supply shock could keep prices high for a while unless the U.S. falls into a recession, which is a growing possibility based on how recent data is trending.

A Resurrection Of Trust For Carbon Offsets Is Needed To Meet Net Zero

Tue, 02 Apr 2024 17:52:57 GMT

Simi Thambi

Carbon offsets are under intense scrutiny, with recent reports from Amazon to Australia exposing some flaws, which may lead to doubts about their effectiveness and, therefore, distrust. This is made worse by the fact that understanding this whole system- carbon offsets, removal, or avoidance- can be complicated. Think of it as trying to solve a complicated puzzle where various players, including experts, are figuring out how different pieces fit together best. Even with all these difficulties, it's hard to ignore that the voluntary carbon market is expected to grow from 2 billion in 2020 to as much as $200 billion by 2030-40, according to one estimate. Therefore, restoring the trust of investors, governments, and the general public in this market is essential.

While it is often the problematic areas that make the headlines, it is essential to note that there are several good things about carbon offsets; most notably, they offer an indispensable solution to help us meet climate targets when other efforts to reduce emissions fall short. Undeniably, constructive criticism is essential for growth. Yet, it is also important to recognize the complexities of this nascent market that is evolving rapidly and has teething issues. Leaning on the classic adage to bring home the critical point. Was Rome built in a day?

There is thus a need to resurrect the trust in carbon offsets, away from this attention skewed to adverse outcomes. The unintended consequence of such skewed attention is that it fuels concerns, making key stakeholders skeptical about venturing into this critical space. It also disadvantages organizations that sell genuine, high-quality carbon offsets. And that's a big problem because these offsets play an integral role in keeping global warming under control. Therefore, it is essential to re-emphasize some of the basics of carbon offsets, to enhance their effective contribution toward meeting global net-zero targets.

What Kind Of Carbon Offsets Align To Net Zero

For newcomers, there are two offsets: removal and reduction/avoidance. Both help reach net zero, but their importance changes over time. Both need more investment now. Organizations can create a portfolio of both these offsets for their net-zero strategies. However, all offsets are recommended only for beyond-value-chain mitigation when efforts to remove residual emissions within the value chain run out.

Offsets from carbon reduction — reduce or avoid carbon through measures such as renewable energy, energy efficiency or avoided ecosystem loss degradation — are essential now, but they can be expected to wane over time. This trajectory is presented in a simple chart in the Oxford Principles for Net Zero Aligned Carbon Offsetting released last month. The gradual waning out is understandable. For instance, carbon reduction or avoidance offsets through clean cooking programs are instrumental in reducing emissions and bringing co-benefits of better health and incomes to some of the poorest parts of the world. Over time, as energy access improves through clean cook projects, the scope of further expansion would reduce.

Carbon removal offsets are tools that remove and store carbon. They're expected to become much more critical in the long run. These offsets fall into two categories: removal from the biosphere and removal from the geosphere. Biosphere removals happen in various ways, like planting trees or restoring ecosystems. But there's a risk that the stored carbon could be released back into the atmosphere, such as if the forest is destroyed or catches fire later on. Like reduction offsets, these offsets may also phase out over time because there's only so much land available for forests and ecosystems on our planet.

Removals from the geosphere happen through technology such as Direct Air Capture and Storage, which capture and store carbon from the atmosphere. For example, oil companies are increasingly investing in carbon capture and directing stored carbon pressure to extract oil from rocks.

Carbon removal from the geosphere is identified as a significant opportunity for investment but remains lagging due to high costs. Only some oil companies and big tech companies are currently dominating this space. According to the Berkeley Carbon Trading Project's Voluntary Offsets Database, only 3% of carbon offset projects have gone to pure carbon removal.

How Much Carbon Removal Is Needed For Net Zero

The world needs carbon removals roughly in the range of 5 to 15 gigatons of CO2 equivalent per year between 2030 and 2050. These estimates are based on pathways used by IPCC , the scientific body guiding global net zero efforts. This amount is roughly equivalent to the annual emissions of the United States, the top producer, and it is no small task to remove this amount of CO2 from the atmosphere.

It's important to understand that the above range of numbers show it's hard to know the exact amount of carbon removal needed. The numbers are based on hypothetical scenarios that rely on efforts made now. For example, the need for carbon removals is low in scenarios where renewable targets are achieved, but it's much higher in other scenarios focused on harmful emissions.

Preparing for all outcomes is essential; therefore, carbon offsets are significant. In this Easter season, as people worldwide reflect on the resurrection, the word 'resurrect' may not immediately conjure thoughts of carbon markets. However, its essence resonates deeply in this phase of skepticism, emphasizing the critical need for trust in this vital domain.

The World’s Biggest Oil Producers in 2023

Thu, 28 Mar 2024 15:20:32 GMT

By Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Sam Parker

The World’s Biggest Oil Producers in 2023

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app . Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Despite efforts to decarbonize the global economy, oil still remains one of the world’s most important resources. It’s also produced by a fairly limited group of countries, which can be a source of economic and political leverage.

This graphic illustrates global crude oil production in 2023, measured in million barrels per day, sourced from the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ).

Three Countries Account for 40% of Global Oil Production

In 2023, the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia collectively contributed 32.8 million barrels per day to global oil production.

These three nations have consistently dominated oil production since 1971. The leading position, however, has alternated among them over the past five decades.

In contrast, the combined production of the next three largest producers—Canada, Iraq, and China—reached 13.1 million barrels per day in 2023, just surpassing the production of the United States alone.

In the near term, no country is likely to surpass the record production achieved by the U.S. in 2023, as no other producer has ever reached a daily capacity of 13.0 million barrels. Recently, Saudi Arabia’s state-owned Saudi Aramco scrapped plans to increase production capacity to 13.0 million barrels per day by 2027.

In 2024, analysts forecast that the U.S. will maintain its position as the top oil producer . In fact, according to Macquarie Group , U.S. oil production is expected to achieve a record pace of about 14 million barrels per day by the end of the year.

Visualizing the Metals You Can Buy with $1,000

Tue, 26 Mar 2024 13:37:21 GMT

By Niccolo Conte Graphics/Design: Christina Kostandi | Clayton Wadsworth

Visualizing the Metals you can Buy with $1,000

For millennia people have purchased and relied on metals for decorative and industrial uses, figuring out their values based on their practical applications and visual luster.

Today, precious and industrial metals markets quote figures in millions and billions as they exchange thousands of ounces, with varying densities and values of metals making it difficult to compare them.

Using price data from TradingEconomics , this graphic visualizes how much of each metal you can buy for $1,000 so you can see just how much, or how little, of each metal you get for your money.

How we Value Precious and Industrial Metals

Characterized by their natural shine, metals are valued using the two key principles of rarity and their industrial uses, with unique properties such as their appearance or cultural significance also affecting their value.

Rarity: A more scarce metal or resource will often have a higher value than one which is more abundant.

For example, while there are an estimated 2.1 billion tonnes of identified copper deposits, there are only 57,000 tonnes of underground gold reserves. While copper is valued at $0.24 per troy ounce, gold is worth around $1,815 per troy ounce.

Industrial uses: Metals which are needed for important industrial processes will often have a high demand from manufacturers, increasing their valuation.

For example, for most of its history cobalt was used decoratively for its striking blue color and for the creation of superalloys and steel products. However, when it was recently discovered that cobalt could be a key component in lithium-ion batteries for EVs, demand for cobalt surged sending its price from around $23,000 per tonne to more than $90,000 per tonne at one point.

Along with these two primary factors, unique properties and historical uses can also affect a metal’s valuation.

Former monetary metals like gold and silver are still sought after by investors for their potential ability to retain value over time compared to today’s fiat currencies . Meanwhile, platinum’s durability, resistance to tarnishing, and its bright white color makes it highly sought after for jewelry, raising the demand and value of the precious metal.

Getting Less for More: Comparing Metal Density

A key factor that determines the volume of a metal you get for a certain price is also the metal’s density. Precious metals tend to be more dense than industrial metals, with sometimes more than double the density depending on the specific metals compared.

As seen in the graphic above, $1,000 worth of highly dense metals like gold (19.32 g/cm³), iridium (22.56 g/cm³), and osmium (22.59 g/cm³) amount to small cubes less than a centimeter across. Meanwhile, $1,000 of a less dense (and also less valuable) metal like aluminum with a density of only 2.7 g/cm³ yields a large cube nearly two feet tall.

To put these densities in comparison, if gold had the same density as aluminum, its cube on the graphic above would be more than seven times larger.

While it’s impossible to directly compare the value of each metal’s industrial uses and applications, seeing just how much (or how little) of a metal you get for $1,000 can give some perspective to their value.

Mapped: Biggest Sources of Electricity by State and Province

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 15:26:39 GMT

By Selin Oğuz Graphics/Design: Alejandra Dander | Clayton Wadsworth

Mapped: Biggest Sources of Electricity by State and Province

On a national scale, the United States and Canada rely on a very different makeup of sources to generate their electricity.

The U.S. primarily uses natural gas, coal, and nuclear power, while Canada relies on both hydro and nuclear. That said, when zooming in on the province or state level, individual primary electricity sources can differ greatly.

Here’s a look at the electricity generation in the states and provinces of these two countries using data from the Nuclear Energy Institute (2021) and the Canada Energy Regulator (2019).

Natural Gas

Natural gas is widely used for electricity generation in the United States. Known as a “cleaner” fossil fuel, its abundance, coupled with an established national distribution network and relatively low cost, makes it the leading electricity source in the country.

In 2021, 38% of the 4120 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity generated in the U.S. came from natural gas. Not surprisingly, more than 40% of American states have natural gas as their biggest electricity source.

Here are some states that have the largest shares of natural gas-sourced electricity.

In Canada, natural gas is only the third-biggest electricity source (behind hydro and nuclear), accounting for 11% of the 632 TWh of electricity produced in 2019. Alberta is the only province with natural gas as its main source of electricity.

Nuclear

Nuclear power is a carbon-free energy source that makes up a considerable share of the energy generated in both the U.S. and Canada.

19% of America’s and 15% of Canada’s electricity comes from nuclear power. While the percentages are close to one another, it’s good to note that the United States generates 6 to 7 times more electricity than Canada each year, yielding a lot more nuclear power than Canada in terms of gigawatt hours (GWh) per year.

As seen in the map, many states and provinces with nuclear as their main source of electricity are concentrated in the eastern half of the two countries.

In the U.S., Illinois, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina are top producers in terms of GWh/year. Illinois and South Carolina also have nuclear as their primary electricity source, whereas Pennsylvania’s electricity production from natural gas exceeds that from nuclear.

The vast majority of Canada’s nuclear reactors (18 of 19) are in Ontario, with the 19th in New Brunswick. Both of these provinces rely on nuclear as their biggest source of electricity.

Renewables: Hydro, Wind and Solar

Out of the different types of renewable electricity sources, hydro is the most prevalent in North America. For example, 60% of Canada’s and 6% of the U.S.’s electricity comes from hydropower.

Here are the states and provinces that have hydro as their biggest source of electricity.

Wind and solar power collectively comprise a small percentage of total electricity generated in both countries. While no state or province relies on solar as its biggest source of electricity, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, and South Dakota rely primarily on wind for their electricity, along with Canada’s Prince Edward Island (PEI).

Coal and Oil

Coal and oil are emission-heavy electricity sources still prevalent in North America.

Currently, 22% of America’s and 7% of Canada’s electricity comes from coal, with places such as Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia still relying on coal as their biggest sources of electricity.

Certain regions also use petroleum to generate their electricity. Although its use for this purpose is declining, it is still the biggest source of electricity in both Hawaii and Nunavut.

Over the next few years, it will be interesting to observe the use of these fossil fuels for electricity generation in the U.S. and Canada. Despite the differences in climate commitments between the two countries, lowering coal and oil-related emissions may be a critical part of hitting decarbonization targets in a timely manner.

Carbon Capture Explained: Point Source Capture Vs. Carbon Dioxide Removal

Wed, 20 Mar 2024 16:37:57 GMT

Phil De Luna Contributor

I’m a materials scientist working to remove CO2 from the atmosphere.

According to the Paris Agreement established in 2015, nations must pursue efforts “to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.” In the fight against climate change, carbon capture has been touted as an important tool to decarbonize industries such as energy, chemicals, transportation, cement, and steel production. It has also been described as a means of reversing climate change, by capturing CO2 from the atmosphere itself. There are two methods of capturing carbon – carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR). While both methods share the ultimate goal of curbing global warming, they operate under distinctly different principles and applications. Understanding these differences is crucial for policymakers, investors, and environmental advocates as they navigate the complexities of carbon reduction technologies.

Imagine a clogged bathtub overflowing with water, threatening to flood your bathroom. When this happens, you have two options - you can turn off the tap or you can bail out the water, buying yourself enough time to unclog the drain. CO2 emissions in our atmosphere is like water overflowing a bathtub. Point source carbon capture is turning off the tap, catching the CO2 emissions at the source (e.g., a chimney) before it enters into the atmosphere to cause warming. Carbon dioxide removal is like bailing out the water from a tub, removing CO2 that has already been emitted into the atmosphere. Point source carbon capture is about preventing emissions from causing warming in the first place, whereas carbon dioxide removal is about reversing the emissions that cause warming. Often these two concepts are equated to one another but they are two very different tools in the climate fight.

The carbon removal industry is expected to become a trillion-dollar industry by 2050. The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC, even declared that carbon removal is “unavoidable” if the world is to meet its climate goals. For this trillion-dollar industry to bloom, gigatons of historic CO2 must be physically removed from the atmosphere (carbon dioxide removal). The National Academy of Sciences has estimated that meeting the Paris Agreement’s goals will require scaling up to 10 gigatons of CDR annually by 2050, with 20 gigatons of CDR each year by 2100. But so far, we aren’t on track to stay within this critical threshold. Today, tech-based removals have only extracted a few hundred thousand tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, a far cry from what’s needed.

Carbon dioxide removal is the process of physically removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or ocean to slow global warming. Direct Air Capture (DAC) removes CO2 from the air, and Direct Ocean Capture (DOC) removes it from the ocean. High-quality CDR is essential for achieving net zero emissions goals and mitigating the impacts of climate change. CDR is particularly impactful because it addresses all of the historic tons of CO2 we’ve polluted our planet with, instead of just removing what we’re pumping out of chimneys today. The universality of DAC is its most compelling advantage. It can be deployed virtually anywhere there is access to renewable energy, independent of CO2 emission sources, making it a versatile tool in the global effort to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels.

Alternatively, Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) – or point source capture – is the practice of capturing carbon dioxide at chimneys (at the source). The appeal of CCS lies in its ability to significantly reduce emissions from the largest industrial sources. By targeting these high-emission points, CCS can achieve substantial reductions in overall CO2 emissions. Additionally, CCS technologies are more cost-effective in these settings due to the high concentration of CO2 in the chimney, which simplifies the capture process. This is typically deployed at industrial oil and gas facilities. For example, the Shell Quest plant has captured and stored nearly 8 million tonnes of CO2 since it started operation in 2015.

However, both have limitations.

While CCS is helpful in reducing emissions, it only addresses what we’re pumping out of chimneys today. It does nothing to clean up historic emissions that have already escaped. In addition, CCS projects have been expensive and commercially fragile, with one study showing that between 1995 to 2018, 78% of projects have been canceled or put on hold . What’s more, point source capture has struggled to scale. As of today, point source capture projects are currently only capturing 0.1% of global emissions , or 45 million metric tons. While it’s better than nothing, many view CCUS as a justifiable excuse for oil and gas companies to continue emitting.

CDR, on the other hand, also faces scalability issues. Today, DAC technologies use a lot of energy to operate and need renewables to ensure carbon negativity. The manufacturing and supply chain for DAC has yet to be built. Additionally, the lower concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere means that DAC is currently more expensive on a per-ton basis than point source carbon capture, although costs are expected to decrease with technological advances and increased deployment. CDR also lacks mature project developers to build infrastructure and raise the capital to finally catalyze carbon removal technology on a massive, commercial scale. (Disclaimer: I work at Deep Sky , a Canadian-based CDR project developer and the first technology-agnostic CDR project developer in the world.)

Ultimately, we need both to slow global warming. We must capture CO2 at the source (CCS), and we must also remove historic emissions (CDR). The future of carbon reduction will likely rely on a portfolio approach, integrating CCS, CDR, and other carbon management technologies with renewable energy sources and efficiency measures.

As the world progresses towards a carbon-neutral future, the role of innovative carbon capture technologies will only grow. Understanding the differences, strengths, and limitations of point source carbon capture and direct air capture is essential for leveraging their potential to the fullest. By investing in research, development, and deployment of these technologies, alongside efforts to reduce emissions at the source, humanity can take a significant step forward in mitigating the impacts of climate change. The sheer scale of the removal challenge requires that everyone play their part if we want any chance at preserving human life on earth.

Helium is rallying off a decade-long shortage — and it’s time for investors to pay attention

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 16:25:26 GMT

The gas is a critical component in scientific research, medical technology such as MRI scanners, national defense, airships, high-tech manufacturing and space exploration

By Myra P. Saefong

A commodity by dictionary definition is something useful or valued, but here’s one irreplaceable raw material that is hard to transport, has many more uses than you might think, and is often overlooked by investors: helium.

Given its unique properties, helium is a “critical irreplaceable commodity” for several industries, said Anish Kapadia, chief analytics officer at the Edelgas Group. “There has been an increasing undersupply of helium over the last decade, which has led to the growth in the number of companies exploring for helium to solve the shortage.”

The lack of adequate supplies to meet demand has made the recent sale of the U.S. helium reserve particularly worrisome. While helium is probably best known for its use in party balloons, it’s a critical component in scientific research, medical technology such as MRI scanners, national defense, airships, high-tech manufacturing and space exploration.

Earlier this month, the U.S. Department of Interior’s Bureau of Land Management, or BLM, which manages the Federal Helium System in the U.S., including a storage reservoir in Texas, announced that it accepted bids for the purchase of the system by privately held industrial gas firm Messer LLC. The sale of the reserve, which is not yet complete, had been previously mandated by the Helium Stewardship Act of 2013 .

That helium production in the U.S. is in decline is no surprise given that all historical helium production was from conventional natural-gas production, which is also in decline, said Dean Nawata, manager of corporate development at Royal Helium Ltd. RHC, -2.94% .

U.S. dry natural-gas output totaled 37.9 trillion cubic feet in 2023, a record high based on government data going back to 1930, according to the Energy Information Administration .

However, most of the new U.S. natural-gas production is from shale, which “tends not to have helium,” said Nawata.

In Canada, helium is one of 31 federally designated “critical minerals.”

About one-third of the world’s helium supply is needed to run medical MRI equipment, said Nawata, adding that in Canada alone there are some 378 MRI machines.

Helium demand from “newer, high-growth sectors” such as rocket launching, high-tech manufacturing and small modular nuclear reactors continues to increase worldwide and, importantly, in North America, he said.

Helium discoveries

Helium is a chemical element that’s notoriously difficult to extract, given that its molecules, as the Encyclopædia Britannica explains , can wind up “on a one-way mission to space.”

The commodity has no substitute in many of its applications, and it’s found in “recoverable quantities in only a few locations around the world,” according to the BLM .

Canada has grown its production significantly over the last few years, said Edelgas Group’s Kapadia, who’s also founder of helium market-data service AKAP Energy.

There have been some “promising” discoveries, Kapadia said, in South Africa by natural-gas and helium producer Renergen Ltd. REN, 2.16% , in Tanzania by Noble Helium Ltd. NHE, +1.04% and Helium One Global Ltd. HE1, -1.52% , in Canada by North American Helium and Royal Helium, and in the U.S. by Pulsar Helium Inc . PLSR, 0.00% and Avanti Helium Corp. AVN, -1.23% .

In late February, Pulsar Helium’s chief executive officer, Thomas Abraham-James, told CBS News that his company’s helium discovery in Minnesota’s Iron Range could be one of the most significant such finds in the world.

Lack of transparency

The helium market has encountered production challenges over the years.

Some natural-gas fields where helium content was identified were not exploited because of the low helium prices back in the 1950s and 1960s, said Don Mosher, president and director at Desert Mountain Energy Corp. DME, 4.17% . But junior helium producers are now drilling into those old gas fields, since more recent prices for the commodity make these fields more attractive, he said.

Christopher Ecclestone, mining strategist at Hallgarten & Co., told MarketWatch that helium didn’t exist for junior producers, but now that market has opened up — and it’s a “bit of a last frontier.”

Desert Mountain Energy is focused on helium production and processing and, Mosher said, has plans to acquire more natural-gas fields with helium content.

Helium prices, however, are tough to track.

The commodity isn’t traded globally like copper HG00, 0.46% or gold GC00, 0.00% but purchased through individually negotiated contracts signed under nondisclosure agreements, said Mosher.

The nature of the helium market ‘results in a lack of transparency.’

— Don Mosher, Desert Mountain Energy Corp.

The “nature of the market results in a lack of transparency,” he said.

Mosher told MarketWatch that shortages of the commodity have driven prices higher by 800% since 2018.

Meanwhile, Royal Helium, which says it’s the first public helium company to produce, refine, and sell helium, publicly acknowledged two helium sale agreements. One sales agreement was at $450 per thousand cubic feet in 2022 and another was for $625 in 2023, both to a major North American space launch company. Some industry data show that prices were at around $100 until about 2012 and climbed up to $400 by 2021.

Pricing is “opaque and controlled by the 5 to 6 large gas distributors,” such as Air Products & Chemicals Inc. APD, 1.54% and Air Liquide S.A. AI, -0.45% , said Royal Helium’s Nawata.

Either way, the figures show significant increases in the value of helium just in the last few years.

Royal Helium intends to bring more wells, those that have already been drilled but have yet to be tested, into production with two more plants in the next 12 to 18 months, and it plans to continue drilling more fields “well into the future,” said Nawata.

Investing

As with production and price transparency, finding a way to invest in the helium sector has its own challenges.

Edelgas’s Kapadia estimated that there are around 20 listed helium stocks. But there are no related exchange-traded funds, said Hallgarten’s Ecclestone.

And keep in mind that big helium deposits are of “no interest” if the helium from those deposits can’t be transported, he said.

The commodity is known as the “great escape artist” because it must be transported in a totally hermetically sealed environment, Ecclestone said. “This dictates which deposits will be commercially viable.” Helium can also be turned into, and transported as, a liquid.

Exploration for, and development of, new, large helium deposits is critical for the medical industry, semiconductor manufacturing and rocket launches, said Nawata.

Given the demand-growth pattern, generally at a 6% compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, and at a more than 20% CAGR for semiconductors and rocket launches, Royal Helium believes the market will “continue to be in deficit and perform well for years to come,” Nawata said.

“There is a great ongoing need for helium, not only worldwide, but specifically for the western world,” he said.

Explainer: The Science of Nuclear Fusion

Tue, 12 Mar 2024 16:28:05 GMT

December 15, 2022

By Mark Belan Article/Editing: Bruno Venditti

The Science of Nuclear Fusion

U.S. scientists at the National Ignition Facility, part of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), announced a major breakthrough in nuclear fusion this week.

For the first time ever, scientists successfully produced more energy from a nuclear fusion experiment than the laser energy used to power it.

In the above infographic, we describe nuclear fusion and illustrate how this discovery may pave the future for a new form of clean and sustainable energy.

What is Nuclear Fusion?

Nuclear fusion powers the Sun and the stars, where immense forces compress and heat hydrogen plasma to about 100 million degrees Celsius. At this temperature, the lighter particles fuse into helium, releasing enormous amounts of energy.

Nuclear fusion is a fairly clean energy source as it does not produce harmful atmospheric emissions and only produces a small amount of short-lived radioactive waste.

Scientists have been trying to replicate it on Earth for almost 70 years, using isotopes of hydrogen—deuterium and tritium—to power fusion plants.

Since deuterium is found in seawater and tritium is attained through irradiating lithium (a common element used in batteries), the accessibility of these isotopes means that fusion could become a major source of energy in the future.

The amount of deuterium present in one liter of water, for example, could produce as much fusion energy as the combustion of 300 liters of oil.

However, the real challenge is ensuring fusion power plants generate more energy than they consume.

The Challenge of Fusion Ignition

Fusion ignition is the term for a fusion reaction that becomes self-sustaining, in which the reaction creates more energy than it uses up. Up until now, scientists were only able to break even.

The National Ignition Facility used a special setup called inertial confinement fusion that involves bombarding a tiny pellet of hydrogen plasma with lasers to achieve fusion ignition.

LLNL’s experiment surpassed the fusion threshold by delivering 2.05 megajoules (MJ) of energy to the target, resulting in 3.15 MJ of fusion energy output, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.

Can Nuclear Fusion Energy Be Commercialized Soon?

In recent years, fusion technology has been attracting the attention of governments as well as private companies such as Chevron and Google. Bloomberg Intelligence estimates that the fusion market will eventually be worth $40 trillion.

Besides energy generation, fusion is expected to be used in other markets like space propulsion, marine propulsion, and medical and industrial heat.

However, according to the director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Kim Budil, it will take “ probably decades ” before nuclear fusion energy is commercialized.

During the breakthrough announcement, she noted that it was necessary to produce “many many fusion ignition events per minute” as well as have a “robust system of drivers” before fusion can be commercialized successfully.

Mapped: U.S. Mineral Production Value by State in 2022

Fri, 08 Mar 2024 12:58:32 GMT

By Niccolo Conte

U.S. States Ranked by the Value of their Mineral Production

The U.S. produced $98.2 billion worth of nonfuel minerals in 2022, but which states made up the majority of the mining?

This map uses data from the USGS to map and rank U.S. states by the value of their nonfuel mineral production in 2022.

The ranking takes into account the mining of nonfuel minerals that are split into two main categories: metallic minerals (like gold, copper, or silver), and industrial minerals (like phosphate rock, various types of clay, and crushed stone).

The Top Mineral-Producing States in the U.S.

Arizona tops the list of mineral-producing states, with $10.1 billion worth of minerals which account for 10.3% of the U.S. total, largely due to the state’s prolific copper production. The state of Arizona accounted for around 70% of domestic copper production in 2022, and as a result also produces large amounts of molybdenum as a byproduct.

The state of Nevada was the next top mineral producer at $8.9 billion worth of minerals, thanks to its longstanding leadership in gold mining (accounting for 72% of U.S. gold production in 2022) and by having the only operating lithium project in America.

States in the Western region of the U.S. dominate the ranking of top mineral-producing states, holding the top two spots and making up half of the top 10 when it comes to total mineral production value.

*The value of these states is a partial total which excludes withheld values by the USGS to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. Rankings remain unaffected which is why some states may rank higher than others despite having a lower value.

Texas rounds out the top three at $8 billion worth of minerals produced in 2022, largely thanks to its dominant production of crushed stone . The state of Texas was the top producer of crushed stone in 2022 at more than $2.8 billion worth, nearly double that of the next largest producer, Florida, which produced $1.5 billion worth.

What Minerals is the U.S. Producing the Most of?

Nonfuel mineral production is categorized into two main categories by the USGS, metals/metallic minerals and industrial minerals.

While not as shiny, the produced value of industrial minerals far outweighs that of metallic minerals . While $34.7 billion worth of metals were produced in 2022, industrial mineral production value was nearly double at $63.5 billion.

Construction aggregates like construction sand and gravel along with crushed stone made up almost half of industrial minerals production at $31.4 billion, with crushed stone being the leading mineral commodity overall at $21 billion of production value.

Following crushed stone, the next top minerals produced but the U.S. were (in decreasing order of value): cement, copper, construction sand and gravel, and gold .

Although the value of metals production decreased by 6% compared to 2021, industrial minerals production increased by 10% year-over-year, resulting in an overall increase in America’s overall nonfuel mineral production of 4%.

Scaling Carbon Capture for Hard-to-Abate Industries in the United States and Globally

Wed, 06 Mar 2024 16:34:03 GMT

Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management

Industry is responsible for approximately 30 percent of total global carbon dioxide emissions. More than half of these emissions come from industries that are hard-to-abate due to high-temperature and high-pressure processes that are difficult to economically electrify or decarbonize through other carbon-free methods. These industries are also characterized by large investments in facilities and equipment with decades of useful life, slow turnover of that capital stock, and low economic margins.

Carbon capture is a significant part of the solution to decarbonizing these industries. Over $12 billion from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law has been allocated for carbon management including integrated commercial-scale carbon capture, transport, and storage demonstrations; large-scale carbon capture pilots; and the buildout of regional carbon dioxide transport and storage hubs.

On January 29, 2024, the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management released a Request for Information: Industrial Deployment and Demonstration Opportunities for Carbon Capture Technologies that closes on April 1, 2024. Through the request for information, the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management seeks input from key partners (domestic and international) on what is needed to accelerate deployment of carbon capture, use, and storage for industrial systems to support the energy transition, eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, produce clean energy, create well-paying union jobs, and enable a net-zero carbon emissions economy by 2050, all while prioritizing environmental equity and support for underserved communities. The information being sought is intended to assist DOE in the planning of priorities and initiatives to catalyze the development, demonstration, and deployment of carbon capture, utilization, and storage for industrial decarbonization.

The request for information is focused on 11 industries: petrochemical, ammonia, aluminum, iron-steel, refining, soda ash, lime, pulp and paper, cement, glass, and LNG, with carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of 479 million tonnes/year in the United States and 9,487 million tonnes per year globally (Table 1). Carbon dioxide equivalent is used to measure and compare emissions from greenhouse gases.

Table 1. Annual US and Global Scope 1 CO₂e Emissions for Specific Industrial Sectors

Multiple business models are being explored in these industries to improve the economics of industrial carbon capture and storage. These business models consider the proximity to storage sites and the potential of sharing of carbon transport and storage infrastructure with nearby facilities. A recent paper from Princeton University, “Shared CO₂ capture, transport, and storage for decarbonizing industrial clusters” found that when carbon dioxide pipelines are shared rather than dedicated to individual capture facilities, average transport costs can be reduced by two-thirds. The paper also analyzed how pooling emissions streams from facilities with different concentrations of carbon dioxide to a central capture site would reduce costs even further.[8] To support region-specific responses and identification of collaboration opportunities, Figure 1 shows industrial facilities in the United States along with locations of potential storage sites and FECM projects.

An aspect of carbon capture, use, and storage for industrial purposes is the global multiplier potential of domestic deployment of the technology here in the United States. Although U.S. emissions represent ~5% of global carbon dioxide emissions in these industries, many international companies have facilities in the United States (Table 1). Nearly 30 percent of industrial plants in the United States, including petrochemical, ammonia, aluminum, iron and steel, refining, soda and ash, lime, and pulp and paper, and more than 50 percent of cement and glass facilities, have an international parent company (Figure 2). These companies have facilities all over the world and can deploy the technology developed for their U.S. operations at their facilities in other countries.

The most compelling financial incentive for industry to implement carbon capture and storage is the 45Q tax credit. The 45Q tax credit pays up to $85 per ton of carbon dioxide stored; requires that qualified projects commence construction by the end of 2032; and allows the taxpayer to claim the credit for 12 years once a project is placed in service. However, for some industries, the 45Q tax credit will not be enough to make carbon capture and storage economic for many individual facilities. Other funding mechanisms such as federal loan guarantees, grants, and state or local incentives are likely to be required. Additionally, synergies in sharing infrastructure and workforce with other carbon management projects in regions and clusters to reduce investment and operating costs, access to technical expertise through the U.S. national laboratories to support deployment, and the opportunity to deploy technologies and best practices to facilities in other markets will also improve the business case.

The request for information is an important opportunity for key domestic and international partners to contribute to potential new areas of focus and innovation; identify challenges and knowledge gaps; identify funding opportunities; identify regional opportunities; and determine the potential for clean energy and carbon management careers.

[1] EPA Flight Data (2021)

[2] https://www.iea.org/energy-system/industry

[3] https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/green-ammonia/green-ammonia-policy-briefing.pdf

[4] https://www.statista.com/statistics/1071205/carbon-dioxide-emissions-from-glass-production-worldwide/

[5] https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-lime.pdf

[6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666675822001576

[7] https://www.statista.com/statistics/1013480/sodium-carbonate-production-worldwide-by-type/

[8] Shared CO₂ capture, transport, and storage for decarbonizing industrial clusters - ScienceDirect

DOE Announces $30 Million to Advance Carbon Dioxide Capture and Conversion Technologies

Fri, 01 Mar 2024 12:56:38 GMT

FEBRUARY 29, 2024

WASHINGTON, D.C. — The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) today announced up to $30 million in additional funding to support two carbon management priorities—the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into environmentally responsible and economically valuable products and the development of lower-cost, highly efficient technologies to capture CO₂ from industrial sources and power plants for permanent storage or conversion. Advancing the development of these technologies will help establish the foundation for a successful carbon capture, storage, and conversion industry in the United States and will help meet the Biden-Harris Administration’s ambitious climate goals of achieving a carbon neutral power sector by 2035 and net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

“The development of innovative technologies that capture carbon dioxide and recycle the emissions into value-added products is part of a broad portfolio of solutions needed to help the nation move toward a clean energy and industrial economy,” said Brad Crabtree, Assistant Secretary of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. “Today’s funding will help reduce costs, increase the reliability, and enhance the sustainability of these transformational technologies.”

Projects selected under this funding opportunity announcement (FOA) will focus on two areas:

1) Technologies that utilize CO₂ from sources such as industrial and power generation facilities, as well as from legacy carbon dioxide emissions captured directly from the atmosphere, to produce value-added products while simultaneously reducing CO₂ emissions. Three specific areas of carbon conversion technology that may be funded include:

Non-photosynthetic biological conversion of CO₂ — Research may include, but is not limited to, microbe selection, fermentation, reactor design, electrolyzer integration and gas recycling. Supported research and development will identify an end-use for the CO₂ that would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere.
Conversion of CO₂ to plastics — Research may use any conversion pathway, and should identify the plastic produced, the intended end-use, and the proposed conversion process.
Conversion of CO₂ to solid carbon products — Research may use any pathway that converts CO₂ to solid carbon products and should identify the solid-carbon product produced, the intended end-use application, and the proposed conversion process.

2) Lower-cost, highly efficient technologies for carbon capture from industrial facilities and power plants for secure geologic carbon storage or conversion into long-lasting products such as synthetic aggregates, building materials, and concrete.

Projects selected under this FOA will also advance the development of technologies that enable scale-up testing and demonstrations of carbon capture systems and assure their responsible deployment.

In addition to advancing these technologies, applicants to this FOA must address the societal considerations and impacts of their proposed projects, emphasizing diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility throughout the research and development process. Applications must explain how projects are expected to deliver equitable access to, and distribution of, benefits produced from successful technology innovations; incorporate diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility; and understand the future workforce implications of the innovation. Projects selected under this opportunity will be required to develop and implement strategies to advance these priorities, and report on such activities and outcomes.

Read more details about this FOA here . All questions must be submitted through FedConnect; register here for an account. The application deadline is April 29, 2024.

The era of cheap helium is over—and that’s already causing problems

Mon, 26 Feb 2024 16:27:33 GMT

Helium is crucial to all kinds of technologies, including MRI scanners and semiconductors. But it’s produced in only a few places.

By Amy Nordrum

In the nuclear magnetic resonance facility at Mississippi State University, three powerful magnets make it possible to see how atoms form bonds. Chemists there use the technology to design new polymers and study how bacteria bind to surfaces. To make it all work, they need an element that’s commonly found in grocery stores, but is also in perpetually short supply: helium.

Every 12 weeks, the university pays $5,000 to $6,000 to replenish the liquid helium required to cool the superconducting wire coiled up inside the magnets down to -452 °F (-269 °C).

“It’s by far the biggest expense we have,” says Nicholas Fitzkee , the facility’s director. “The price that drives our user fees is the purchase of liquid helium, and that has pretty much doubled over the past year or so.”

Helium is excellent at conducting heat. And at temperatures close to absolute zero, at which most other materials would freeze solid, helium remains a liquid. That makes it a perfect refrigerant for anything that must be kept very cold.

Liquid helium is therefore essential to any technology that uses superconducting magnets, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners and some fusion reactors . Helium also cools particle accelerators , quantum computers, and the infrared detectors on the James Webb Space Telescope. As a gas, helium whisks heat away from silicon to prevent damage in semiconductor fabs.

“It’s a critical element for the future,” says Richard Clarke, a UK-based helium resources consultant who co-edited a book about the element. Indeed, the European Union includes helium on its 2023 list of critical raw materials , and Canada put it on a critical minerals list too.

Again and again throughout the history of technology development, helium has played a critical role while remaining in tight supply. As part of MIT Technology Review ’s 125th anniversary series , we looked back at our coverage of how helium became such an important resource, and considered how demand might change in the future.

Countries have at times taken extreme measures to secure a steady helium supply. In our June 1975 issue , which focused on critical materials, a Westinghouse engineer named H. Richard Howland wrote about a controversial US program that stockpiled helium for decades.

Even today, helium is not always easy to get. The world’s supply depends primarily on just three countries—the US, Qatar, and Algeria—and fewer than 15 companies worldwide.

With so few sources, the helium market is particularly sensitive to disruptions—if a plant goes offline, or war breaks out, the element may suddenly be in short supply. And as Fitzkee noted, the price of helium has climbed rapidly in recent years, putting hospitals and research groups in a pinch.

The global helium market has experienced four shortages since 2006, says Phil Kornbluth , a helium consultant. And the price of helium has nearly doubled since 2020, from $7.57 per cubic meter to a historic high of $14 in 2023, according to the United States Geological Survey .

Some research labs, including Fitzkee’s, are now installing recycling systems for helium, and MRI manufacturers are making next-generation scanners that require less of it. But many of the world’s highest-tech industries—including computing and aerospace—will likely need even more helium in the future.

“At the end of the day, what’s happening is helium’s just getting more expensive,” says Ankesh Siddhantakar , a PhD student in industrial ecology at the University of Waterloo in Canada. “The era of cheap helium is probably gone.”

A high-tech need

Helium is the second element on the periodic table, which—as you may recall from high school chemistry class—means it has just two protons (and thus two electrons).

Thanks to their simple structure, helium atoms are some of the smallest and lightest, second only to hydrogen. They’re extremely stable and don’t easily react with other stuff, which makes them easy to incorporate into industrial or chemical processes.

One major use of liquid helium over the years has been to cool the magnets inside MRI scanners, which help doctors examine organs, muscles, and blood vessels. But the cost of helium has risen so much, and the supply has been so volatile, that hospitals are eager for other options.

MRI manufacturers including Philips and GE HealthCare now sell scanners that require much less helium than previous generations. That should help, though it will take years to upgrade the roughly 50,000 MRI scanners already installed today.

Other industries are finding ways around helium too. Welders have substituted argon or hydrogen on some jobs, while chemists have switched to hydrogen for gas chromatography, a process that allows them to separate mixtures.

But there’s no good alternative to helium for most applications, and the element is much harder to recycle when it’s used as a gas. In semiconductor fabs, for example, helium gas removes heat from around the silicon to prevent damage and shields it from unwanted reactions.

With rising demand for computing driven in part by AI, the US is investing heavily in building new fabs, which will likely drive more demand for helium. “There’s no question that chip manufacturing will be the biggest application within the coming years, if it isn’t already,” says Kornbluth.

Overall, Kornbluth says, the helium industry expects to see growth in the low single digits over the next few years.

Looking further out, Clarke predicts that most industries will eventually phase out nonessential uses of helium. Instead, they will use it primarily for cryogenic cooling or in cases where there’s no alternative. That includes quantum computers, rockets, fiber-optic cables, semiconductor fabs, particle accelerators, and certain fusion reactors.

“It’s something that, for a cost reason, all these new technologies have got to take into account,” Clarke says.

Given its importance to so many industries, Siddhantakar thinks helium should be a higher priority for those thinking about managing strategic resources. In a recent analysis , he found that the global supply chains for helium, lithium, and magnesium face similar risks.

“It is a key enabler for critical applications, and that’s one of the pieces that I think need to be more understood and appreciated,” Siddhantakar says.

A delicate balance

The helium we use today formed from the breakdown of radioactive materials millions of years ago and has been trapped in rocks below Earth’s surface ever since.

Helium is usually extracted from these underground reservoirs along with natural gas, as John Mattill explained in an article from our January 1986 issue : “Helium can be readily separated from the gas before combustion, but the lower the helium concentration, the higher the cost of doing so.”

Generally speaking, helium concentrations must be at least 0.3% for gas companies to bother with it. Such levels can be found in only a handful of countries including the US, Qatar, Algeria, Canada, and South Africa.

Helium shortages are not caused by a lack of helium, then, but the inability of producers in those few countries to deliver it to customers everywhere in a timely manner. That can happen for any number of reasons.

“It is a very global business, and any time a war breaks out somewhere, or anything like that, it tends to impact the helium business,” says Kornbluth.

Another challenge is that helium atoms are so light Earth’s gravity can’t hold onto them. They tend to just, well, float away, even escaping specially designed tanks. Up to 50% of helium we extract is lost before it can be used, according to a new analysis presented by Siddhantakar last week at the International Round Table on Materials Criticality .

Given all this, countries that need a lot of helium—Canada, China, Brazil, Germany, France, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, and the UK are among the top importers—must constantly work to ensure a reliable supply. The US is one of the largest consumers of helium, but it’s also a leading producer.

For decades, the global helium market was closely tied to the US government, which began stockpiling helium in Texas in 1961 for military purposes. As Howland wrote in 1975, “The original justification of the federal helium conservation program was to store helium until a later time when it would be more essential and less available.”

But the US has slowly sold off much of its stockpile and is now auctioning off the remainder, with a final sale pending in the next few months. The consequences are not yet clear, though it seems likely that agencies such as NASA will have to pay more for helium in the future. As Christopher Thomas Freeburn wrote in a 1997 article titled “ Save the Helium ,” “By eliminating the reserve, the federal government … has placed itself at the mercies of the market.”

Customers everywhere are still overwhelmingly dependent on the US and Qatar, which together produce more than 75% of all helium the world uses. But the US has produced and exported significantly less in the past decade, while demand from US consumers rose by 40%, according to the USGS’s Robert Goodin .

Eager to fill the void, new countries are now starting to produce helium, and a flurry of companies are exploring potential projects around the world. Four helium plants opened last year in Canada, and one started up in South Africa.

Russia is set to open a massive new plant that will soon supply helium to China, thereby edging out Algeria as the world’s third-largest producer.

“Russia is going to become the number-three producer as early as 2025, and they’ll end up accounting for a quarter of the world’s supply within the next five years,” says Kornbluth.

Qatargas in Qatar is opening a fourth plant, which—together with Russia’s new facility—should expand global helium supply by about 50% in the next few years, he adds.

Some companies are now considering sites where they could extract helium without treating it as a by-product of natural gas. Helium One is exploring several such sources in Tanzania.

Will it be enough?

Back in 1975, Howland described the helium market as “an example of the false starts, inefficiencies, and economic pitfalls we must avoid to wisely preserve our exhaustible resources.”

He also predicted the US would use up much of its known helium reserves by the turn of the century. But the US still has enough helium in natural-gas reservoirs to last 150 more years, according to a recent USGS analysis .

“As with a lot of other things, it’s going to be about the sustainable management of this resource,” says Siddhantakar.

The Future Value of Disruptive Materials

Thu, 22 Feb 2024 18:39:11 GMT

By Aran Ali Graphics/Design: Alejandra Dander

The Briefing

By 2030, the collective market for disruptive materials is expected to reach over $800 billion
Copper is the largest market while lithium is the fastest growing

The Future Value of Disruptive Materials

A select number of materials have a critical role to play in the expansion of next generation technologies. This could lead to a surge in demand and a potential soaring of market values for each material as a result.

This graphic from Global X ETFs takes a closer look at the forecasted market value for 12 disruptive materials, which are seeing increasingly large climate investment.

Soaring Market Values

The materials highlighted are each a billion dollar market in their own right. But which has the largest projected future market value?

Copper is one of the largest and most mature markets from this group. And as a result sees a lower projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR).

However, when it comes to the fastest growing market, lithium reigns supreme with a CAGR of over 23% between the forecast period of 2021 and 2028. Lithium is a vital ingredient for lithium-ion batteries, used in EVs and elsewhere.

Altogether, the collective market value for these top materials is expected to be worth over $800 billion by the end of the decade. And in the subsequent years, as efforts to tackle climate change accelerate, the collective value of these materials may well hit $1 trillion.

Introducing the Global X Disruptive Materials ETF

The Global X Disruptive Materials ETF (Ticker: DMAT) seeks to provide investment results that correspond generally to the price and yield performance, before fees and expenses, of the Solactive Disruptive Materials Index.

The Global X Disruptive Materials ETF is a passively managed solution that can be used to gain exposure to the rising demand for disruptive materials. Click the link to learn more.

200 Years of Global Gold Production, by Country

Thu, 15 Feb 2024 16:21:57 GMT

By Govind Bhutada Graphics/Design: Miranda Smith

Visualizing Global Gold Production Over 200 Years

Although the practice of gold mining has been around for thousands of years, it’s estimated that roughly 86% of all above-ground gold was extracted in the last 200 years.

With modern mining techniques making large-scale production possible, global gold production has grown exponentially since the 1800s.

The above infographic uses data from Our World in Data to visualize global gold production by country from 1820 to 2022, showing how gold mining has evolved to become increasingly global over time.

A Brief History of Gold Mining

The best-known gold rush in modern history occurred in California in 1848, when James Marshall discovered gold in Sacramento Valley. As word spread, thousands of migrants flocked to California in search of gold, and by 1855, miners had extracted around $2 billion worth of gold.

The United States, Australia, and Russia were (interchangeably) the three largest gold producers until the 1890s. Then, South Africa took the helm thanks to the massive discovery in the Witwatersrand Basin , now regarded today as one of the world’s greatest ever goldfields.

South Africa’s annual gold production peaked in 1970 at 1,002 tonnes—by far the largest amount of gold produced by any country in a year.

With the price of gold rising since the 1980s, global gold production has become increasingly widespread. By 2007, China was the world’s largest gold-producing nation, and today a significant quantity of gold is being mined in over 40 countries.

The Top Gold-Producing Countries in 2022

Around 31% of the world’s gold production in 2022 came from three countries—China, Russia, and Australia, with each producing over 300 tonnes of the precious metal.

North American countries Canada, the U.S., and Mexico round out the top six gold producers, collectively making up 16% of the global total. The state of Nevada alone accounted for 72% of U.S. production, hosting the world’s largest gold mining complex (including six mines) owned by Nevada Gold Mines.

Meanwhile, South Africa produced 110 tonnes of gold in 2022, down by 74% relative to its output of 430 tonnes in 2000. This long-term decline is the result of mine closures, maturing assets, and industrial conflict, according to the World Gold Council .

Interestingly, two smaller gold producers on the list, Uzbekistan and Indonesia, host the second and third-largest gold mining operations in the world, respectively.

The Outlook for Global Gold Production

As of April 25, gold prices were hovering around the $2,000 per ounce mark and nearing all-time highs. For mining companies, higher gold prices can mean more profits per ounce if costs remain unaffected.

According to the World Gold Council, mined gold production is expected to increase in 2023 and could surpass the record set in 2018 (3,300 tonnes), led by the expansion of existing projects in North America. The chances of record mine output could be higher if gold prices continue to increase.

Copper could skyrocket over 75% to record highs by 2025 — brace for deficits, analysts say

Fri, 09 Feb 2024 14:02:46 GMT

Lee Ying Shan

@IN/YING-SHAN-LEE

@LEEYINGSHAN

KEY

POINTS

Copper is headed for a price spurt over the next two years, as mining supply disruptions coincide with higher demand for the metal.

Rising demand driven by the green energy transition and a decline in the U.S. dollar strength come the second half of 2024 will fuel support for copper prices.

Copper prices on the London Metal Exchange last saw an all-time record high of $10,730 per ton in March last year.

Copper prices are set to soar more than 75% over the next two years amid mining supply disruptions and higher demand for the metal, fueled by the push for renewable energy.

Rising demand driven by the green energy transition and a likely decline in the U.S. dollar in the second half of 2024 will push copper prices higher, according to a report by BMI, a Fitch Solutions research unit.

Markets are banking on the U.S. Federal Reserve to cut rates this year which will weaken the dollar and in turn make the greenback-priced copper more attractive to foreign buyers.

“The positive view for copper is more on macro factors,” Bank of America Securities’ head of Asia -Pacific basic materials, Matty Zhao, told CNBC, citing likely Fed rate cuts and a weaker U.S. dollar.

Additionally, at the recent COP28 climate change conference, more than 60 countries backed a plan to triple global renewable energy capacity by 2030 , a move that Citibank says “would be extremely bullish for copper.”

In a December report, the investment bank forecast that the higher renewable energy targets would boost copper demand by extra 4.2 million tons by 2030.

This would potentially push copper prices to $15,000 a ton in 2025, the report added, way higher than the record peak of $10,730 per ton scaled in March last year.

“This assumes a very soft landing in the U.S. and Europe, an earlier global growth recovery, significant China easing,” Citi analysts said, while also emphasizing on continued investments in the energy transition sector.

A growing economy tends to boost demand for copper, which is used in electrical equipment and industrial machinery. The metal’s demand is considered a proxy for economic health.

Low supply, high demand

Copper on the London Metal Exchange was last trading at $8,559 a ton.

The base metal is a linchpin in the energy transition ecosystem, and is integral to manufacturing electric vehicles, power grids and wind turbines.

Other analysts see a bullish run for copper due to mining disruptions, with Goldman Sachs expecting a deficit of over half a million tons in 2024.

Last November, First Quantum Minerals halted production at the Cobre Panamá, one of the world’s largest copper mines, following a Supreme Court ruling and nationwide protests over environmental concerns. Anglo American, a major producer, said it would cut copper output in 2024 and 2025 as it seeks to cut costs.

“The supply cuts reinforce our view that the copper market is entering a period of much clearer tightening,” wrote Goldman’s analysts, who see copper prices hitting $10,000 per ton within the year, and much higher in 2025.

The winners of the copper rush will be mainly Chile and Peru, BMI estimates. Both countries have large reserves of green transition minerals such as lithium and copper that are poised to benefit from increased investment and higher export demand. Chile holds around 21% of global copper reserves.

“Our confidence that copper substantially re-rates into 2025 [of $15,000 per ton average] is now substantially higher,” Goldman said.

Lower supply also means that new copper smelters coming online will have a shortage of concentrates to work with, said S&P Global’s Senior Copper Analyst Wang Ruilin.

Copper ores are extracted from the earth and then converted into copper concentrates. From there they are sent to smelters to be purified into refined copper, which sets the benchmark LME price.

“Copper smelters will see a supply shortage of concentrate starting in 2024, and the forecast deficits in the concentrate market is expected to deepen in 2025–27,” she told CNBC via email.

Visualizing the Demand for Battery Raw Materials

Wed, 07 Feb 2024 15:20:18 GMT

By Sponsored Content Article/Editing: Bruno Venditti

Visualizing the Demand for Battery Raw Materials

Metals play a pivotal role in the energy transition, as EVs and energy storage systems rely on batteries, which, in turn, require metals.

This graphic, sponsored by Wood Mackenzie , forecasts raw material demand from batteries. It presents a base case scenario that incorporates the evolution of current policies, indicating a global temperature rise of 2.5°C by 2100. Additionally, it explores an accelerated (AET) scenario, where the world aims to limit the rise in global temperatures to 1.5°C by the end of this century.

Growing Demand for Metals in an Accelerated Scenario

Lithium is a crucial material in high-energy-density rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

The lithium fueling electric vehicle batteries undergoes refinement from compounds sourced in salt-brine pools or hard rock and quantities are measured in terms of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE).

According to Wood Mackenzie, by 2030, the demand for LCE is expected to be 55% higher in an AET scenario compared to the base case, and 59% higher by 2050.

The demand for two other essential metals in battery production, cobalt and nickel, is expected to be 16% and 22% higher, respectively, in 2050 in the AET scenario compared to the base case.

Given that graphite is the primary anode material for an EV battery, it also represents the largest component by weight in the average EV. The demand for graphite in an AET scenario is anticipated to be 46% higher than in a base case scenario.

Battery Materials Supply Chain

According to Wood Mackenzie data , an accelerated energy transition would require much more capital within a short timeframe for developing the battery raw materials supply chain – from mines through to refineries and cell production facilities.

Increased participation from Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) will be necessary, risking EV sales penetration rates remaining below 15% in the medium term, in contrast to approximately 40% in the total market under an AET scenario.

In addition, finding alternative sources of metals, including using secondary supply through recycling, is another option available to the industry.

However, as noted in Wood Mackenzie’s research, current EV sales are too low to generate a sufficiently large scrap pool to create any meaningful new source of supply by 2030.

Access insights on the entire battery industry supply chain with Electric Vehicle & Battery Supply Chain Service by Wood Mackenzie.

Visualizing the World’s Largest Copper Producers

Fri, 02 Feb 2024 15:52:18 GMT

By Bruno Venditti | Graphics/Design: Alejandra Dander

Visualizing the World’s Largest Copper Producers

Man has relied on copper since prehistoric times. It is a major industrial metal with many applications due to its high ductility, malleability, and electrical conductivity.

Many new technologies critical to fighting climate change, like solar panels and wind turbines, rely on the red metal.

But where does the copper we use come from? Using the U.S. Geological Survey’s data , the above infographic lists the world’s largest copper producing countries in 2021.

The Countries Producing the World’s Copper

Many everyday products depend on minerals, including mobile phones, laptops, homes, and automobiles. Incredibly, every American requires 12 pounds of copper each year to maintain their standard of living.

North, South, and Central America dominate copper production, as these regions collectively host 15 of the 20 largest copper mines.

Chile is the top copper producer in the world, with 27% of global copper production. In addition, the country is home to the two largest mines in the world, Escondida and Collahuasi.

Chile is followed by another South American country, Peru, responsible for 10% of global production.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and China share third place, with 8% of global production each. Along with being a top producer, China also consumes 54% of the world’s refined copper.

Copper’s Role in the Green Economy

Technologies critical to the energy transition, such as EVs, batteries, solar panels, and wind turbines require much more copper than conventional fossil fuel based counterparts.

For example, copper usage in EVs is up to four times more than in conventional cars. According to the Copper Alliance, renewable energy systems can require up to 12x more copper compared to traditional energy systems.

With these technologies’ rapid and large-scale deployment, copper demand from the energy transition is expected to increase by nearly 600% by 2030.

As the transition to renewable energy and electrification speeds up, so will the pressure for more copper mines to come online.

Update on Syracuse Gas Gathering & Saltwater Disposal System

Wed, 31 Jan 2024 13:35:00 GMT

TORONTO, ONTARIO – January 31, 2024 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC") or (the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following update on its ongoing Syracuse Helium/Natural Gas Project in Kansas:

Completion and Operational Status of Syracuse Gas Gathering System

The Company has completed and is operating its Syracuse Gas Gathering system. This state-of-the-art pipeline infrastructure is designed to service the entire 16,000-acre project and is pivotal in the Company's ability to efficiently market its natural gas. Now that the core system is in place, only lateral lines will need to be added to this system. The system facilitates a robust connection to the Tumbleweed pipeline, where the Company has secured a sale contract for helium, natural gas, and other valuable natural gas liquids. The operationalization of this system underscores the Company's commitment to leveraging advanced technologies for optimized resource management and market responsiveness.

Completion of Saltwater Disposal System and Enhancement of Economics

Furthering its dedication to sustainable and economical operations, the Company is pleased to report the completion of its saltwater disposal system. This system represents a significant step forward in the Company's natural gas development strategy. This saltwater disposal system results in a higher profitability per well and reflects the Company’s approach in ensuring economic efficiency in its operations.

VVC President Jim Culver commented, "The operational commencement of the Syracuse Gas Gathering System and the completion of our saltwater disposal system are key drivers in bolstering VVC’s Syracuse Project profitability. These advancements significantly reduce operational expenses and enhance potential profitability of the Syracuse Project, underpinning VVC’s strategy. "

Addition of John Virgil to the Leadership Team

VVC Resources has announced the appointment of John Virgil to direct all helium and natural gas project engineering. John Virgil brings a wealth of experience and expertise in project management and will play a crucial role in steering the Syracuse Project and the success of additional projects in Western Kansas. John will report to Bill Kerrigan, who will now be able to focus on the development of VVC's additional helium and natural gas projects, further strengthening our project portfolio and driving our strategic objectives forward.

A Continued Commitment to Sustainable Practices

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

The U.S. just sold its helium stockpile. Here’s why the medical world is worried.

Mon, 29 Jan 2024 16:02:30 GMT

MRI machines need thousands of liters of liquid helium to function. Health care workers say they can’t afford any disruptions to the helium supply chain.

By Caroline Hopkins

On Thursday, the U.S. government sold the Federal Helium Reserve , a massive underground stockpile based in Amarillo, Texas, that supplies up to 30% of the country’s helium.

Once the deal is finalized, the buyer — which will likely be the highest bidder, the industrial gas company Messer — will claim some 425 miles of pipelines spanning Texas, Kansas and Oklahoma, plus about 1 billion cubic feet of the only element on Earth cold enough to make an MRI machine work .

Regulatory and logistical issues with the facility threaten a temporary shutdown as it passes from public to private ownership, and hospital supply chain experts worry the sale could have serious consequences for health care down the road — especially when it comes to MRIs.

To be sure, a Federal Helium Reserve shutdown wouldn’t mean that MRIs would suddenly power down across the country, said Soumi Saha, senior vice president of government affairs at Premier Inc., which contracts with helium suppliers on behalf of 4,400 hospitals in the U.S. “But we are stressing about this shortage. From a health care perspective, MRI machines are the No. 1 concern.”

American patients undergo an estimated 40 million MRI scans each year to help diagnose cancer, brain and spinal cord injuries, strokes and heart conditions. The superconductive magnet-powered imaging machines give doctors clear, high-resolution images of areas inside the body they can’t see on X-rays and CT scans. But without liquid helium, the Earth’s coldest element, MRI machines can’t keep their magnets cool enough to generate these images.

The sale of the government’s stockpile of the nonrenewable element could exacerbate an existing supply shortage , Saha said.

A number of factors could trigger a shutdown of the facility that could last as long as three years, said Rich Gottwald, CEO of the Compressed Gas Association, a trade group that represents companies, including Messer, that buy up helium and sell it to hospitals, semiconductor manufacturers, NASA and other customers.

The facility spans three states, each with its own laws. The federal government didn’t need to reconcile state-specific rules, but a private buyer would, he said. Another issue is that helium must be enriched before it can be used, and a separate system is needed to do that. That enrichment system isn’t part of the federal reserve, but is privately owned by four private companies, including Messer; unlike the pipelines and helium itself, it wasn’t for sale.

“A new owner will need to create some sort of lease to use the enrichment unit, or build their own unit to enrich the helium,” Gottwald said. “There’s a whole host of issues that need to be resolved and the concern is, until they’re resolved, the system will need to shut down.”

In a letter in October urging the White House to delay the sale, the CGA and four other trade associations laid out what they see as the most critical issues at the facility. Two of the trade associations behind the letter, AdvaMed and the Medical Imaging and Technology Alliance, represent MRI manufacturers.

“Timely, critical patient care would suffer if helium supplies constricted further,” Scott Whitaker, AdvaMed’s CEO, wrote in an email to NBC News. “AdvaMed urges the White House to delay the sale and privatization of the Federal Helium Reserve until outstanding issues identified by the Compressed Gas Association are resolved.”

The sale has been in the works for more than a decade. Congress first mandated it through the Helium Stewardship Act of 2013 . It was initially supposed to occur in 2021, but a series of delays — in part due to the same logistical and regulatory issues threatening shutdowns today — postponed the auction to Thursday.

In an emailed statement, a spokesperson from the U.S. Interior Department said the sale would not constrict helium supply.

“Sale of the reserve to a private party, as Congressionally mandated by law, is not expected to meaningfully change the availability of helium,” the spokesperson wrote.

Other sources of helium

There’s a finite amount of helium on Earth. The largest reserves are in massive underground pockets in parts of Algeria, Qatar, Russia and the U.S.

While the Texas stockpile is the largest source of helium in the U.S., it’s not the only one. There are a number of smaller, privately owned facilities — some of which are in Colorado and Wyoming — according to Gottwald.

Sourcing helium inside the U.S. or from Canada is the easiest and cheapest option. Transit time is an important factor: If the shipment takes longer than 35 to 48 days, the liquid helium will evaporate.

The two other biggest helium reserves are in Qatar and Russia.

“Shutting down the U.S. helium reserve would force a situation where we would have to increase our reliance on foreign sources, like Qatar and Russia,” Saha said. “Given the ongoing geopolitical concerns and tensions in those regions and shipping delays, it would increase concerns around potential shortages on U.S. soil.”

According to Phil Kornbluth, president of Kornbluth Helium Consulting, the U.S. hasn’t been able to tap into Russia’s helium supply because of strained trade relations and the war in Ukraine. Meanwhile, attacks on ships in the Red Sea by Yemen’s Houthi rebels have forced Qatar to send liquified natural gas shipments, which contain helium, around the Cape of Good Hope, a route that adds at least 20 days to the journey.

Helium in health and science

Helium was already in short supply before the government sale. Currently, Kornbluth said, three out of five U.S. helium suppliers are rationing the element to prioritize life-or-death uses like MRI machines ahead of less-essential helium uses, like keeping party balloons afloat .

Across the University of California system, for instance, which includes 10 research campuses and six medical schools, the shortage has already hit scientists.

“We’ve been on and off allocation for a while from our helium suppliers,” said Jeremy Meadows, its executive director of strategic sourcing. “There’s a priority of allocation where health care goes first and research goes second.” This has been difficult for scientists whose laboratories use magnetic imaging for medical research, he said.

“Our helium-dependent research is only growing,” he added. Should the available supply decline further, he said, “I just don’t know how we position ourselves to get that supply.”

In a letter to the U.S. government last spring, the University of California’s chief procurement officer, Paul Williams, lamented that the cost of helium had already increased more than 400% in five years.

Further supply constriction, he wrote, “leaves the research and medical communities at a greater risk.”

For instance, the University of California has a powerful helium-reliant magnetoencephalography, or MEG, scanner, that doctors use to plan pediatric brain operations . Statewide, Williams said, there were only two of these scanners.

“If it runs out of helium, it will require multiple weeks to recool, delaying surgeries, or, in some circumstances, compelling surgeons to operate without detailed brain maps,” he said, adding that the MEG scanner has barely averted shutdown dozens of times over the past 10 years.

MRIs of the future

MRI manufacturers have responded to the uncertain future of helium with their own solutions. Both Philips and Siemens Healthineers recently started selling alternatives to traditional MRI machines, which hold 1,700 to 1,800 liters of liquid helium and require constant replenishment. Some models now require just 1 to 7 liters of helium and don’t need any replenishment. Spokespeople from both companies touted these newer models as cost-effective for hospitals, especially if helium prices keep rising.

But an MRI machine is a long-term investment, and many hospitals have been counting on their current, helium-dependent MRI equipment to last years, if not decades, more.

“Using the same magnet for 20 or 30 years is not unheard of,” said Dr. Scott Reeder, chair of the University of Wisconsin’s radiology department.

Premier’s Saha said uptake of lower-helium MRIs has been slow.

“There are capital costs associated with removing the old MRIs and installing new equipment, plus the manufacturers don’t have the capacity to switch out all MRI machines at 6,000 U.S.-based hospitals overnight,” she said. “There’s time required for that, and you can’t take off every MRI machine in the country, because that would impact patient care.”

Still, the uncertain helium supply has brought an uptick in interest in these newer models, Saha said. “We’re seeing health care providers trying to get ahead of this by inquiring about MRI systems that use minimal to no helium,” she said.

As the health care industry worries about what the Federal Helium Reserve sale could mean for meeting the existing MRI demand, Reeder said the demand keeps rising, too.

“MRI is playing an increasingly important role in detection, treatment, monitoring and prognosis of so many diseases, and we’re going to have to think carefully as a field about how to ensure the supply chain doesn’t get to a state of crisis,” he said.

That state of crisis hasn’t hit yet, experts stressed. Patients across the U.S. won’t suddenly face canceled MRIs and missed cancer diagnoses once the sale goes through.

But the future of this critical, lighter-than-air element is certainly in flux, Saha said, and the medical world is watching closely. “Our hope is that health care will be prioritized, but that’s never a guarantee during any shortage of any item,” she said.

For now, Reeder suggested, helium consumers must be judicious. “It’s probably not good to use helium for party balloons anymore,” he said.

What materials are used to make wind turbines?

Thu, 25 Jan 2024 15:52:08 GMT

By VVC Resources

What materials are used to make wind turbines?

According to a report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Table 30), depending on make and model wind turbines are predominantly made of steel (66-79% of total turbine mass); fiberglass, resin or plastic (11-16%); iron or cast iron (5-17%); copper (1%); and aluminum (0-2%).

Many turbine components are domestically sourced and manufactured in the United States. According to the Land-Based Wind Market Report by the Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, wind turbine towers are 60-75% domestically sourced, blade and hub components are 30-50% domestic, and nacelle assemblies are over 85% domestically sourced. However, many internal parts such as pitch and yaw systems, bearings, bolts, and controllers are typically imported.

How many wind turbines are installed in the U.S. each year?

The number of turbines installed in the U.S. each year varies based on a number of factors, but on average 3,000 turbines have been built in the U.S. each year since 2005. Learn more: Wind Energy U.S. Wind Turbine Database

Wind Energy in the United States and Materials Required for the Land-Based Wind Turbine Industry From 2010 Through 2030

The generation of electricity in the United States from wind-powered turbines is increasing. An understanding of the sources and abundance of raw materials required by the wind turbine industry and the many uses for these materials is necessary to assess the effect of this industry’s growth on future demand for selected raw materials relative to the historical demand for these materials. The U.S. Geological Survey developed estimates of future requirements for raw (and some recycled) materials based on the assumption that wind energy will supply 20 percent of the electricity consumed in the United States by 2030. Economic, environmental, political, and technological considerations and trends reported for 2009 were used as a baseline. Estimates for the quantity of materials in typical “current generation” and “next generation” wind turbines were developed. In addition, estimates for the annual and total material requirements were developed based on the growth necessary for wind energy when converted in a wind powerplant to generate 20 percent of the U.S. supply of electricity by 2030.

The results of the study suggest that achieving the market goal of 20 percent by 2030 would require an average annual consumption of about 6.8 million metric tons of concrete, 1.5 million metric tons of steel, 310,000 metric tons of cast iron, 40,000 metric tons of copper, and 380 metric tons of the rare-earth element neodymium. With the exception of neodymium, these material requirements represent less than 3 percent of the U.S. apparent consumption for 2008. Recycled material could supply about 3 percent of the total steel required for wind turbine production from 2010 through 2030, 4 percent of the aluminum required, and 3 percent of the copper required. The data suggest that, with the possible exception of rare-earth elements, there should not be a shortage of the principal materials required for electricity generation from wind energy. There may, however, be selective manufacturing shortages if the total demand for raw materials from all markets is greater than the available supply of these materials or the capacity of industry to manufacture components. Changing economic conditions could also affect the development schedule of anticipated capacity.

Source: United States Geological Survey

Copper: The Critical Mineral Powering Data Centers

Mon, 22 Jan 2024 18:56:14 GMT

By Bruno Venditti | Graphics & Design Athul Alexander

Copper: The Critical Mineral Powering Data Centers

Data centers are computer server hubs that collect, store, and process large amounts of data, requiring extensive network infrastructure and electric power supply.

As the North American data center market grows, copper will be a key building block in this infrastructure.

This infographic from the Copper Development Association illustrates the critical role of copper in data center development.

Copper in Technology

Much has been said about the growing demand for critical minerals like copper, nickel, and lithium for clean technologies such as batteries, EVs, solar, and wind power.

Copper, however, has a more extensive role in technology as it is used in wires that connect power grids and data centers around the planet.

As one of the best conductors of electricity, copper maximizes efficiency in the transmission and distribution of electricity. Its thermal conductivity also helps build efficient heat exchangers, which are vital for cooling in data centers.

The inherent ductility and malleability of copper make it ideal for shaping into compact system components, like electrical connectors. In addition, copper can be fully recycled without losing any beneficial properties, providing an excellent solution in a growing green economy.

Data centers use copper across various electrical applications, including:

Power cables
Busbars
Electrical connectors
Heat exchangers and sinks
Power distribution strips

To put the demand into perspective, Microsoft’s $500 million data center in Chicago required 2,177 tonnes of copper for construction.

North America’s Growing Need for Copper

With the rise of cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), the North American data center market is expanding.

North American data center infrastructure is expected to grow from a $33 billion business in 2020 to $70 billion in 2030 and $185 billion in 2040.

This, in turn, will amplify the demand for copper. Copper consumption for data centers is estimated to jump from 197,000 tonnes in 2020 to 238,000 tonnes in 2030 and 293,000 tonnes in 2040.

The Copper Development Association (CDA) brings the value of copper and its alloys to society to address the challenges of today and tomorrow.

The Periodic Table of Commodity Returns (2014-2023)

Thu, 18 Jan 2024 14:33:43 GMT

By Dorothy Neufeld

The Periodic Table of Commodity Returns (2014-2023)

It was a challenging year for commodity returns in 2023.

But there were a few exceptions. Gold was a standout performer, reaching record highs of $2,135 an ounce. As rate cuts began to look more likely in 2024, investors sought out the safe-haven asset and a weaker dollar also boosted demand for gold.

Copper, meanwhile, barely etched its way into the green, as China’s slumping property market weighed on demand.

This graphic, based on U.S. Global Investors interactive research, shows commodity returns over the last decade.

Commodity Returns in 2023

After several years of strong performance, most commodities ended 2023 in negative territory, as the table below shows:

In a departure from other commodities, gold jumped over 13%, driven by investor demand and central bank purchases.

Over the first three quarters of 2023, global central banks bought roughly 800 tonnes of gold, with China, Poland, and Singapore being the top buyers.

Crude oil sank nearly 11%. In 2023, the U.S. produced a record 13.3 million barrels per day in mid-December, supported by growing operational efficiencies. The number of active U.S. oil rigs stands at 501—a 69% decline from a decade ago.

Also putting pressure on oil prices was slower global demand as interest rates notched higher.

Like crude oil, the supply of lithium and nickel were robust last year, causing prices to fall sharply. In fact, some major producers reined in production amid collapsing prices last year. The surplus in lithium supply is projected to reach 30,000 metric tons globally in 2024, outpacing demand.

Outlook for 2024

While slower global growth could dampen commodities demand in 2024, the easing of interest rates by the Federal Reserve could be beneficial.

ING projects that gold will hit new highs in 2024, with potential rate cuts supporting prices.

From a geopolitical standpoint, escalating tensions in the Middle East could lead to stricter U.S. sanctions of oil in Iran and tighter supplies. OPEC+ policy, which has pushed for supply cuts, could also influence oil prices.

Commodities used in the green energy transition—such as nickel, copper, lithium, and zinc—have mostly bearish outlooks. A significant supply glut in nickel could depress prices, with a forecasted 239,000 metric ton surplus in 2024.

Copper, lithium, and zinc are also forecast to have surpluses next year.

However, taking a longer-term view, the IEA projects that copper production from existing mines and those in construction will meet 80% of climate goal requirements by 2030. For lithium, it will meet just half of these requirements in the green energy transition.

The Critical Minerals to China, EU, and U.S. National Security

Tue, 16 Jan 2024 14:39:32 GMT

By Bruno Venditti Graphics/Design: Zack Aboulazm

The Critical Minerals to China, EU, and U.S. Security

This was originally posted on Elements . Sign up to the free mailing list to get beautiful visualizations on natural resource megatrends in your email every week.

Governments formulate lists of critical minerals according to their industrial requirements and strategic evaluations of supply risks.

Over the last decade, minerals like nickel, copper, and lithium have been on these lists and deemed essential for clean technologies like EV batteries and solar and wind power.

This graphic uses IRENA and the U.S. Department of Energy data to identify which minerals are essential to China, the United States, and the European Union.

What are Critical Minerals?

There is no universally accepted definition of critical minerals. Countries and regions maintain lists that mirror current technology requirements and supply and demand dynamics, among other factors.

These lists are also constantly changing. For example, the EU’s first critical minerals list in 2011 featured only 14 raw materials. In contrast, the 2023 version identified 34 raw materials as critical.

One thing countries share, however, is the concern that a lack of minerals could slow down the energy transition.

With most countries committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the total mineral demand from clean energy technologies is expected to double by 2040.

U.S. and EU Seek to Reduce Import Reliance on Critical Minerals

Ten materials feature on critical material lists of both the U.S., the EU, and China, including cobalt, lithium, graphite, and rare earths.

Despite having most of the same materials found in the U.S. or China’s list, the European list is the only one to include phosphate rock. The region has limited phosphate resources (only produced in Finland) and largely depends on imports of the material essential for manufacturing fertilizers.

Coking coal is also only on the EU list. The material is used in the manufacture of pig iron and steel. Production is currently dominated by China (58%), followed by Australia (17%), Russia (7%), and the U.S. (7%).

The U.S. has also sought to reduce its reliance on imports . Today, the country is 100% import-dependent on manganese and graphite and 76% on cobalt.

After decades of sourcing materials from other countries, the U.S. local production of raw materials has become extremely limited. For instance, there is only one operating nickel mine (primary) in the country, the Eagle Mine in Michigan. Likewise, the country only hosts one lithium source in Nevada, the Silver Peak Mine.

China’s Dominance

Despite being the world’s biggest carbon polluter, China is the largest producer of most of the world’s critical minerals for the green revolution.

China produces 60% of all rare earth elements used as components in high-technology devices, including smartphones and computers. The country also has a 13% share of the lithium production market. In addition, it refines around 35% of the world’s nickel, 58% of lithium, and 70% of cobalt.

Among some of the unique materials on China’s list is gold. Although gold is used on a smaller scale in technology, China has sought gold for economic and geopolitical factors, mainly to diversify its foreign exchange reserves, which rely heavily on the U.S. dollar.

Analysts estimate China has bought a record 400 tonnes of gold in recent years.

China has also slated uranium as a critical mineral. The Chinese government has stated it intends to become self-sufficient in nuclear power plant capacity and fuel production for those plants.

According to the World Nuclear Association , China aims to produce one-third of its uranium domestically.

The Hottest Property in Gold Mining Is Copper

Fri, 12 Jan 2024 15:54:47 GMT

Investors are waking up to competition for copper supply as the world electrifies and pivots away from fossil fuels

By Rhiannon Hoyle

ADELAIDE, Australia—Gold miners recently celebrated the precious metal fetching its highest price ever. They are reinvesting much of that windfall in copper.

From central Mexico to the Australian Outback, gold producers led by Newmont NEM and Barrick Gold ABX are raising bets on copper through deals and other investments that will give them more influence over a commodity vital to the global energy transition. Copper is essential for building electric vehicles, wind turbines and solar-power systems.

Barrick is aiming to become “a major-league copper producer” by building an operation in Pakistan and expanding the Lumwana mine in Zambia’s Copperbelt province, Chief Executive Mark Bristow told investors in November. Barrick says the Pakistan project—known as Reko Diq and expected to begin production in 2028—will be among the world’s 10 largest copper mines.

Colorado-based Newmont expanded its copper business by acquiring Australia’s Newcrest Mining for roughly $15 billion in November, while other large gold miners including Evolution Mining and Canada’s Agnico Eagle Mines have done large deals for copper mines recently.

“We’re looking for copper as much as we are gold,” said Jim Beyer, chief executive of Regis Resources , whose geologists are scouring land a few hours west of Sydney.

Copper is often found alongside gold. For years, however, it was largely downplayed by gold-mining executives who often used revenue from the industrial metal to make their gold appear cheaper in financial statements. Gold stocks historically traded at a premium to companies that mined a range of metals.

That is changing as investors wake up to competition for copper supply as the world electrifies and pivots away from fossil fuels. Many gold miners face rising costs, aging pits and community opposition in many places.

“The world is going to have a massive copper deficit within the next decade,” said Tom Palmer, Newmont’s chief executive.

By some estimates, demand for copper will roughly double by 2050. Electric vehicles can use roughly four times as much copper as gasoline-powered cars, while wind- and solar-energy production can also require many times more copper, per megawatt, than producing electricity from fossil fuels.

Still, it may take years for miners’ bets on copper to pay off. Copper prices have fallen by more than 20% since hitting a record high in March 2022. Prices of some other commodities needed for the energy transition have fallen more.

Some of the weakness in copper prices reflects a plateauing in electric-vehicle sales growth in the U.S., and broader concerns around the outlook for the U.S. economy. Some auto companies are delaying plans on electric-vehicle spending, which could weigh on future copper demand.

For South Africa’s Harmony Gold Mining , the purchase of an Australian copper and gold project for up to $230 million is a chance to help smooth the impact on revenue when metals prices swing in different directions. Copper is seen by many as a bellwether of an economy’s health. Gold, on the other hand, often rises in price when the economic outlook darkens and investors want a hedge against inflation and other financial risks.

Gold producers are also contending with some critics questioning their existence. Researchers at the University of Oxford have called for an end to gold mining, highlighting the industry’s challenges with emissions, waste management and water use. They argue there is already enough gold in circulation for technological uses and trading.

Beyer, of Regis Resources, said gold remains the miner’s raison d’être and that he is under no pressure to invest in copper from shareholders, who view the precious metal as a key cog in the global financial system.

Still, Beyer isn’t ignoring the mood music. “Everybody loves renewables and the stories around—as they call them these days—forward-facing metals,” he said.

Gold miners’ appetite for copper adds to fierce global competition for known deposits, but also to the throng of explorers hoping to strike copper. Several global miners, including BHP Group and Rio Tinto, have made copper a priority because of its role in the energy transition.

In one of the boldest bets, Agnico Eagle last year bought half of Teck Resources ’ San Nicolás copper and zinc project in Mexico’s Zacatecas state, a colonial-era silver-mining hub. Its $580 million investment marks a sortie into the industrial metal for a miner that today is more concentrated on gold than most.

Ammar Al-Joundi, Agnico Eagle’s chief executive, said he expects the copper project to be extremely profitable for shareholders and that the miner’s share of revenue from precious metals will only fall to about 93% from roughly 99%.

Newmont gets about 10% of its revenue from copper following the takeover of Newcrest, and expects that to rise to 20% or more as it develops planned projects. Roughly 30% of Newmont’s reserves are now in copper.

“You can expect that the value of copper is going to increase, and the importance of copper in the portfolio is going to increase,” said Newmont’s Palmer.

Write to Rhi annon Hoyle at rhiannon.hoyle@wsj.com

Appeared in the January 4, 2024, print edition as 'Copper Attracts Gold Producers'.

Update on Syracuse Helium/Natural Gas Project

Mon, 08 Jan 2024 13:08:58 GMT

TORONTO, ONTARIO – January 8, 2024 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC") or (the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following update on its ongoing Syracuse Helium/Natural Gas Project in Kansas:

Successful Production Commencement at Durler 2-21

Following our previous announcement on November 16, 2023, we are pleased to report that the Durler 2-21 well has transitioned from successful completion to active production. This milestone signifies a stable economic output, marking Durler 2-21 a key contributor in the Company’s portfolio. The well's performance continues to be closely monitored and adjusted to optimize its output and efficiency. The objective of the optimization is to reach the maximum stable production level without negatively impacting total production of the well. The gas quality is as expected: helium content is 1.2%, natural gas content is 35.949%, with a heat content of 438 BTU.

Hodgson 1-17 & C Double D 1-16: Completion and Analysis Phase

The Hodgson 1-17 & C Double D 1-16 wells are now completed and producing. These two wells are in the output analysis phase. This stage is crucial for understanding the wells' production capacities, optimal settings for both immediate and long-term production and potential contributions to the overall project.

Preparations Complete for Levens 4-31, Weaver 1-15, T Spiker 1-7

The team has also readied the Levens 4-31, Weaver 1-15, and T Spiker 1-7 wells for completion. Next steps for these wells await the analysis of the Durler, Hodgson and C Double wells. Each helium/natural gas project has its idiosyncrasies and every time a new well is completed, introduced into production, and optimized, the more information the team has for the next wells. This thorough preparatory plan and step by step optimization of these wells increases the probability for successful integration into the production line-up, at the most reasonable cost, underscoring the team's commitment to thoughtful strategic growth and resource optimization.

VVC President Jim Culver commented, “While the process may seem unusually deliberate, every time a well is drilled, perforated, or completed in the Syracuse Project, the more information the team gains about how to succeed with the next well or wells. This knowledge gives us a better chance of optimum success for the whole project.”

A Continued Commitment to Sustainable Practices

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

VVC Warrant Issuance

Fri, 05 Jan 2024 21:31:53 GMT

TORONTO, Jan. 05, 2024 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC") or (the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following:

Warrant Issuance:

The TSX Venture Exchange has accepted the issuance to Orford Resources Inc. of 10,000,000 warrants exercisable at CA$ 0.06 per share expiring on December 28, 2028, in consideration of the discharge of US$400,000 future obligation relating to the Kaity Property in Mexico held by a subsidiary in Mexico. The warrant Hold Period Expires on April 29, 2024.

The settling of this obligation is beneficial to the Company, since with this liability removed, the Kaity Property is no longer encumbered.

How Hydrogen Could Fuel a Net-Zero Future

Thu, 04 Jan 2024 14:22:28 GMT

By Chris Dickert

How Hydrogen Could Fuel a Net-Zero Future

Hydrogen has a 300% higher energy content than gasoline, is harnessed by our sun to create life-giving heat and light, and when used in fuel cells, the only ‘waste’ it produces is water.

So it’s no surprise that policymakers are looking closely at the fuel in the race to net zero. But with demand set to skyrocket between now and 2050, will the supply be there when needed?

To answer that question, we’ve partnered with Fasken to look at how hydrogen could fuel a net-zero future.

The State of Hydrogen

According to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), global hydrogen production capacity in 2022 was 95 million metric tons per annum (Mt p.a.), concentrated in industry and refining.

Under the IEA’s net-zero scenario, which limits average temperature increase to 1.5°C from pre-industrial levels, annual production will need to increase over 350% by 2050, to 430 Mt p.a.

Hydrogen has a critical role to play in hard-to-abate sectors, where there aren’t many technologically mature alternatives.

In the shipping industry , for example, hydrogen could replace conventional bunker fuels. Similarly, in commercial aviation, it could displace the 1.5 million barrels of jet fuel used every day in the United States.

Water, Water Everywhere and Not a Drop to Drink

Hydrogen may be the most abundant element in the universe, but it only exists as a gas on Earth in minute quantities, so has to be separated from other compounds, like water. And that takes energy, which can be low- or high-emission, depending on the fuel source.

There is a veritable rainbow of colors to differentiate hydrogen by how its made, but to keep things simple here are the three main ones:

Gray: Produced using steam or gasification from unabated fossil fuels
Blue: Produced using steam or gasification from unabated fossil fuels with carbon capture
Green: Electrolysis powered by renewables

In 2022, low-emission hydrogen production (blue + green) made up only 1.1%, which, under the IEA’s net-zero scenario, will need to increase steeply to 96.7% in 2050.

Project Pipeline and Pipeline Projects

So how close are we to 430 Mt p.a.?

According to the IEA’s Hydrogen Production and Infrastructure Projects Database , there was 95.0 Mt p.a. in production capacity in 2022. Looking ahead to planned projects by their online date, we see that a small gap opens up after 2035, before widening into a 200 Mt p.a. chasm by 2050.

More announcements are likely to come as the 2050 deadline comes more and more into focus, but sustained policy support will be crucial to meeting that goal.

However, even once all that capacity comes online, there’s still the matter of getting it from where it’s made, to where it will be used. And part of that puzzle will be pipelines, which need to go from 5,000 km in 2022, to over 200,000 km in 2050.

A Stellar Future for Hydrogen

But momentum is growing.

The second-largest refueling port in Europe, Antwerp-Bruges , has committed to becoming carbon neutral by 2050, with hydrogen playing a key role. Similarly, a recent study of Canada’s oil sands, found that hydrogen could save 1.5T cu. ft. of natural gas per year, between 2021 and 2050, resulting in 76% fewer CO ₂ emissions.

Ultimately, the stuff of stars could have a stellar future.

VVC Settles Future Property Liability by Issuing Warrants

Thu, 21 Dec 2023 13:24:49 GMT

TORONTO, Dec. 21, 2023 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC") or (the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following transaction:

Pursuant to an agreement entered into with Orford Resources Inc. (“Orford”) on August 24, 2020, VVC acquired Orford’s share of the Kaity Property (the “Property”) in Mexico. VVC is now the sole beneficial owner of the Property which is held in its Mexican subsidiary. The Property is the host of the Gloria Copper Project.

The Company’s interest in the Property is however encumbered, because of its obligation to make a payment of $US 400,000 to Orford following the receipt of production revenue from the Property. The Company has negotiated with Orford to discharge the $US 400,000 payment obligation in consideration for the issuance to Orford of 10,000,000 warrants exerciseable at CA$ 0.06 per share and expiring in 5 years from the closing of the transaction. This transaction is subject to the approval of the TSX Venture Exchange (“TSXV”) and must close by December 31, 2023. The TSXV is currently reviewing the application.

The settling of this obligation by issuing warrants is beneficial to the Company, since this liability with be removed, freeing up future cashflows that may be deployed in other operational areas.

What minerals produce the colors in fireworks?

Tue, 19 Dec 2023 13:44:27 GMT

By Communications and Publishing

Detailed Description

Mineral elements provide the color in fireworks. Barium produces bright greens; strontium yields deep reds; copper produces blues; and sodium yields yellow. Other colors can be made by mixing elements: strontium and sodium produce brilliant orange; titanium, zirconium, and magnesium alloys make silvery white; copper and strontium make lavender. Gold sparks are produced by iron filings and small pieces of charcoal. Bright flashes and loud bangs come from aluminum powder.

Red: Sr - Strontium
Orange: Sr - Strontium, Na - Sodium
Yellow: Na - Sodium
Green: Ba - Barium
Blue: Cu - Copper
Purple: Sr - Strontium, Cu - Copper
Greys and White: Ti - Titanium, Zr - Zirconium, Mg - Magnesium

STRONTIUM*
In addition to its use of making fireworks, Strontium is used in signaling, oil and gas production, and ceramic magnets.
* Critical Mineral Commodity

SODIUM
In addition to making our fireworks yellow, Sodium is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic made from chlorine and paper-pulping chemicals manufactured from caustic soda.

BARIUM* CHLORIDE
In addition to making fireworks green, Barium is also used in medicine and oil and gas production.
* Critical Mineral Commodity

COPPER
In addition to making fireworks blue and purple, Copper is one of the oldest metals used by humans, and today is mostly used in electronics and power generation.

TITANIUM*
Along with Zirconium and Magnesium to make fireworks grey and white, Titanium is overwhelmingly used as a white pigment and in metal alloys.
* Critical Mineral Commodity

ZIRCONIUM*
Along with Titanium and Magnesium to make fireworks grey and white, Zirconium is used in the high-temperature ceramics industry.
* Critical Mineral Commodity

MAGNESIUM*
Along with Titanium and Zirconium to make fireworks grey and white, Magnesium is used in furnace linings for manufacturing steel and ceramics.
* Critical Mineral Commodity

The Hunt for EV Battery Minerals Expands to Ocean Floor and Space

Thu, 14 Dec 2023 17:28:39 GMT

As electric-vehicle adoption rises across the globe, the race to find new deposits of critical minerals like lithium and nickel is driving miners to explore the deepest mines, the ocean floor and even space. WSJ’s George Downs explores the new frontiers of EV battery mining. Illustration: George Downs/The Wall Street Journal

By George Downs

George Downs

George Downs explores the evolution of transportation, from electric vehicles to commercial aviation and the future of spaceflight.

VVC Provides Further Update on the Helium Project in Syracuse

Tue, 12 Dec 2023 13:06:48 GMT

TORONTO, ONTARIO – December 12, 2023 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC") or (the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following significant developments on its ongoing Syracuse Project:

Completed Durler 2-21 Well Now Being Optimized

VVC previously announced, on November 16, 2023, the successful completion of the Durler 2-21 well and the beginning of testing of the well. This well is a pivotal component of the Syracuse Project aimed at helium and natural gas extraction. The Company now has two wells producing and selling helium and natural gas on the Syracuse Project: the Levens 2-31 in the northwest portion of the project and the Durler 2-21 in the Southeast portion of the project. The location of these sites will provide significant guidance in further development of the Project.

The VVC Team is now optimizing production from the Durler 2-21, which has shown stronger than expected initial results, to ensure maximum efficiency and maximum overall productivity. This testing and adjustment phase will likely take place over 8 to 10 weeks during which time the Team will gain a much better understanding not only of this well, but also of the overall project.

Completion Phase Underway on Hodgson 1-17 and C Double D 1-16 Wells

On December 11, 2023, VVC began the completion phase of two additional critical Syracuse wells, Hodgson 1-17 and C Double D 1-16. Both wells are expected to be completed within 2 weeks. These two wells lie approximately midway between the Durler 2-21 and the Levens 2-31 wells in the Syracuse Project. The completion of these two wells will provide more visibility and insight on the production capacity of the Syracuse Project, as wells on the outer ends and in the center of the project will have been completed.

Levens 4-31, T Spiker 1-17, Weaver 1-15 Ready for Completion Phase

In another significant milestone, VVC announces that all the necessary steps have been taken to prepare the Levens 4-31, T Spiker 1-17, and Weaver 1-15 wells for the completion process. The successful perforation of these wells will mark another achievement in the Project's development phase. The completion process for these wells is expected to begin before the end of the year.

A Continued Commitment to Sustainable Practices

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

FORWARD‐LOOKING STATEMENTS:

This news release contains "forward‐looking information" (within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws) and "forward‐looking statements" (within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995). Such statements or information are identified with words such as "anticipate", "believe", "expect", "plan", "intend", "potential", "estimate", "propose", "project", "outlook", "foresee", “strategy”, "success" or similar words suggesting future outcomes or statements regarding an outlook. Such statements include, among others: will provide significant guidance in further development; will likely take place over 8 to 10 weeks … will gain a much better understanding … of the overall project; are expected to be completed within 2 weeks; completion of these two wells will provide more visibility and insight; The successful perforation of these wells will mark another achievement in the Project …; completion process for these wells is expected to begin before the end of the year.

Such forward‐looking information or statements are based on several risks, uncertainties and assumptions which may cause actual results or other expectations to differ materially from those anticipated and which may prove to be incorrect. Assumptions have been made regarding, among other things, management's expectations regarding acquisitions, production of helium, future development and growth, plans for and completion of projects by Company’s third‐party relationships, availability of capital, and the necessity to incur capital and other expenditures. Actual results could differ materially due to a number of factors, without limitation, operational risks in the completion of Company’s anticipated projects, delays or changes in plans with respect to the development of Company’s anticipated projects by Company’s third‐party relationships, risks affecting the ability to develop projects, risks in legislative changes in the applicable jurisdictions, risks inherent in operating in foreign jurisdictions, the ability to attract key personnel, risks in decrease of price of helium and copper. No assurances can be given that the efforts by Company will be successful.

Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the forward‐looking information or statements are reasonable, prospective investors in the Company's securities should not place undue reliance on forward‐ looking statements because the Company can provide no assurance that such expectations will prove to be correct. Forward‐looking information and statements contained in this news release are as of the date of this news release and the Company assumes no obligation to update or revise this forward‐looking information and statements, except as required by law.

Investors are cautioned that notwithstanding the expectations described herein, there can be no assurance that the plans described herein will be completed as proposed. Trading in the securities of VVC should be considered highly speculative. All forward‐looking statements contained in this press release are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements and by those made in our filings with SEDAR in Canada (available at www.sedarplus.ca) .

An Investor’s Guide to Copper in 3 Charts

Fri, 08 Dec 2023 15:27:05 GMT

By Tessa Di Grand i Graphics & Design Sabrina Lam

An Investor’s Guide to Copper

Copper is the world’s third-most utilized industrial metal and the linchpin of many clean energy technologies. It forms the vital connections in our electricity networks, grid storage systems, and electric vehicles.

In the above infographic, iShares digs into the forces that are set to shape the future of the copper landscape.

How Much Copper Do We Need?

Copper is poised to experience a remarkable 54% surge in demand from 2022 to 2050.

Here’s a breakdown of the expected demand for copper across clean energy technologies.

Copper is vital in renewable energy systems such as wind turbines, solar panels, and electric vehicle batteries because of its high electrical conductivity and durability.

It ensures the effective transmission of electricity and heat, enhancing the overall performance and sustainability of these technologies.

The rising demand for copper in the clean energy sector underscores its critical role in the transition to a greener and more sustainable future.

When Will Copper Demand Exceed Supply?

The burgeoning demand for copper has set the stage for looming supply challenges with a 22% gap predicted by 2031.

Given this metal’s pivotal role in clean energy and technological advancements, innovative mining and processing technologies could hold the key to boosting copper production and meeting the needs of a net-zero future.

Investing in Copper for a Prosperous Future

Investors looking for copper exposure may want to consider an ETF that tracks an index that offers access to companies focused on the exploration and mining of copper.

Copper Market Slump Threatens Shift to Wind Power, Electric Cars

Wed, 06 Dec 2023 16:48:46 GMT

Green-energy transition requires increasing supplies, but demand is waning

By Bob Henderson

Nov. 11, 2023 8:00 am ET

A prolonged slide in copper prices is challenging the world’s shift to renewable energy sources.

Mining firms will need to dig up gigantic amounts of new copper over the next several years to supply the transition to renewables. But demand is slumping right now from manufacturers and builders who use the metal in everything from electrical wire to roofing.

The push for electrification is fueling a rush for copper. The non-precious metal is critical for electric vehicles, windmills and even the power grid. With a shortage looming, WSJ explains why copper is crucial to the global economy, and how its availability threatens a green-tech transition. Photo Illustration: Ali Larkin

The result of that timing mismatch is what Wall Street analysts say is a temporary surplus that is keeping copper prices low and discouraging the investments necessary to meet the needs of the world’s expanding population of wind farms, solar arrays and electric vehicles.

The dynamic leaves the market poised for a crunch that could lead to price spikes and shortfalls, said

Goldman Sachs metals strategist Nicholas Snowdon.“It’s a matter of when, not if, the market goes into an extreme state of scarcity and the copper price spike plays out,” he said.

Copper futures have slid more than 15% in the past 10 months, to about $3.60 a pound. One source of pressure has been a weaker than expected pandemic recovery in China —the world’s largest copper consumer.

Other factors include a strengthening dollar , a slowing global manufacturing sector and the resolution of supply disruptions in Chile and Peru, two of the largest producers.

Two copper miners said in recent earnings calls that they are waiting for higher prices before committing to big new investments. Kathleen Quirk, president of Freeport-McMoRan , cited higher capital costs to develop new mines. Gary Nagle, CEO of Glencore , said he wants to deliver copper to the world when it is needed and not before. He also said he would prefer prices reach at least $4.50 a pound before opening a new mine in Argentina that he expects to produce copper for three decades.“We want to make a lot of money for every one of the 30 years,” Nagle said.

Builders of new energy sources, batteries and power lines are demanding more copper, but they still account for less than 10% of global usage, said Max Layton, global head of commodities research at Citigroup. Nonetheless, Layton estimates that copper prices would be roughly 15% lower if not for the growing green market.

The powerhouse behind that market is China, which consumes more than half of the world’s copper, and which is making huge investments in renewable energy and EVs. The country’s solar-related copper demand over the first three quarters of this year was more than 150% higher than during the same period in 2022, according to Goldman Sachs.

Analysts say investments are needed soon, because new mines take years to develop. McKinsey & Co. forecasts a copper shortfall of 6.5 million metric tons in 2031, based on its projection that annual supply will increase to 30.1 million tons, from about 25 million in 2022.

Goldman expects the growing supply gap to power its price to $4.50 a pound in a year and to more than $6.80 a pound in 2025.

But prices could flag in the coming months because of incoming new supplies and softness in the 90% of demand unrelated to the transition. The Eurozone is bracing for a recession. China’s economy is showing fresh signs of slowing. The International Copper Study Group predicts that production will outstrip demand by 467,000 tons next year.

“In the very short term, there is a big concern in terms of how much lower prices could go,” said Sudakshina Unnikrishnan, base metals analyst at Standard Chartered Bank.

The project pipeline of French cable supplier has tripled over the past five years, owing largely to clean energy projects, said Chief Executive Christopher Guérin. His company uses more than half a million tons of copper a year, and while he worries about future shortages, he limits the buying he does in advance to the amount his pipeline requires, to avoid speculation.

“Governments potentially can do a strategic reserve like oil or whatever,” said Guérin, “but companies cannot do anything.”

Technology might come to the rescue. McKinsey suggests ore-processing innovations could make a meaningful dent in the supply gap. EVs use three to four times more copper than conventional cars, but Simon Price, head of future technologies at CRU, a commodities business intelligence company, estimates that usage could be cut in half by doing things such as slimming the copper foils in batteries.

Meanwhile, speculators’ bearish bets outnumber bullish ones on the London Metal Exchange by the most in a decade, according to TD Securities. Many who expect prices to rise prefer buying shares of producers to holding copper futures, because they like the miners’ prospects even if prices remain rangebound.

One potential buyer is Dana Grigg, president of San Francisco-based Camelotta Advisors, who likes copper for his clients in the longer-term, but who has them underweight the red metal now. He said he plans to scale up their exposure once he sees signs of the supply overhang subsiding, interest rates declining, the dollar weakening and China’s property sector recovering.

“All of these things would be putting downward pressure on copper prices, and all of these things are going to ease,” Grigg said.

Write to Bob Henderson at bob.henderson@wsj.com

Corrections & Amplifications
Kathleen Quirk is president of Freeport-McMoRan. An earlier version of this article incorrectly identified her as the company’s chief executive. (Corrected on Nov. 12)

Appeared in the November 13, 2023, print edition as 'Copper Slump Threatens Shift to Wind Power and EVs'.

Helium: A Valuable Gas Not To Be Taken Lightly

Mon, 27 Nov 2023 19:46:45 GMT

By Jeff Desjardins

Helium makes up 25% of the atoms in the known universe, so one would guess that the inert gas would be quite plentiful on Earth.

Unfortunately, a familiar property of helium prevents this from happening. Helium gas is lighter than air and literally rises into space, depleting the Earth of almost all valuable helium resources over time.

Where do we get helium?

So how do we actually obtain new helium gas, which is necessary for important technological applications such as MRI machines, superconductors, and even the Large Hadron Collider?

Today’s infographic from Helium One shows everything you need to know on helium, including where we can find it on Earth, as well as the most important uses of the gas.

Although helium is plentiful in the universe, on Earth it is quite rare and difficult to obtain.

Why Do We Need Helium?

Helium has several properties that make it invaluable to modern humans, particularly for technological uses:

Helium Demand

Helium demand has risen consistently since 2009, and the market has been increasing at a CAGR of 10.1% since 2010. With that in mind, here are the specific constituents of helium demand today:

Helium’s melting point, which is the lowest found in nature, allows it to remain as a liquid at the coolest possible temperature. This makes helium ideal for uses in superconductors, including MRI machines – one of the fastest growing components of helium demand.

Helium Supply

But where do we obtain this elusive gas?

It turns out that new helium is actually created every day in very tiny amounts within the Earth’s crust as a by-product of radioactive decay. And like other gases below the Earth’s surface (i.e. natural gas), helium gets trapped in geological formations in economical amounts.

Today, much of helium is either produced as a by-product of natural gas deposits, or from helium-primary gas deposits with concentrations up to 7% He.

Here’s helium production by country:

USA (from Cliffside Field)

The USA government has a helium stockpile at the Cliffside Field in Texas, developed as part of a WWI initiative. It is in the process of being phased out, and by as late as 2021 it will no longer contribute to supply.

Qatar

In December 2013, the Qatar Helium 2 project was opened. This new facility combined with the first helium project makes the country the 2nd largest source of helium globally.

Russia
Russia is looking to become a player in helium as well. Gazprom’s Amur LNG project will be one of the biggest gas facilities in the world, and it will include a helium processing plant. This won’t be online until 2024, though.

Tanzania
Though not a helium player yet, scientists have recently uncovered a major helium find in the Rift Valley of Tanzania which contains an estimated 99 billion cubic feet of gas.

The Future of the Helium Market?

Because of inflated demand, especially for cryogenics in MRI machines, helium prices have risen significantly over the years.

And with these market dynamics in mind, it’s clear that the future of helium is not full of hot air.

VVC Perforates 2 Wells for Helium and Natural Gas and Results of Post-AGM Board Meeting

Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:25:48 GMT

TORONTO, Nov. 21, 2023 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC") or (the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following:

Perforation of 2 Wells in Syracuse

VVC is proud to announce significant progress in its Syracuse Project, aimed at helium and natural gas extraction. The Company has successfully completed the perforation of two critical wells: Hodgson 1-17 and T-Spiker 1-7.

On November 16, 2023 , VVC made a pivotal announcement regarding the Syracuse Project's progress in helium and natural gas extraction. The Company proudly disclosed the successful connection of two wells, Durler 2-21 and Levens 2-31 to the Tumbleweed Pipeline, marking a significant stride in the Company’s strategic initiative. In conjunction with this achievement, VVC reiterated its commitment to completing six additional wells, including the previously mentioned Hodgson 1-17 and T-Spiker 1-7.

This development is a crucial step in VVC’s strategy to enhance its helium and natural gas production capabilities. "The perforation of these wells positions VVC to tap into the high-potential Syracuse Project more effectively," stated Jim Culver, CEO of VVC Resources.

The Syracuse Project represents VVC's commitment to innovative and sustainable resource extraction in helium and natural gas.

Appointment of Officers

In first Board Meeting after the re-election of directors at the Annual General Meeting of shareholders (the "AGM") held yesterday, the Directors reappointed the following executive officers for VVC and the Chairman of the Board of Directors for the ensuing year:

Jim Culver, President and CEO
Terrence Martell, Chairman of the Board
Kevin Barnes, Chief Financial Officer
Michel Lafrance, Secretary-Treasurer
Bill Kerrigan, President of Plateau Helium Corporation.

In addition, the directors also appointed directors to the Company’s various standing committees and a Chairman for each Committee for the ensuing year.

Option Grant

At the same Board Meeting, the Directors also granted incentive stock options under its stock option plan, to officers, directors and consultants of the Company, to purchase up to an aggregate of 14,650,000 common shares, representing 2.96%% of the outstanding shares of the Company. The stock options are exercisable at a price of CA$0.08 per share expiring November 20, 2033. The exercise price was fixed above the minimum allowable price by the TSX Venture Exchange policies. The options, granted in accordance with the provisions of the Company's stock option plan, are subject to the TSX Venture Exchange policies and the applicable securities laws. Of the Options granted, 45.4% were to directors, 30.7% to Officers and 23.9% to Employees/Consultants of the Company.

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

Results of VVC Annual Shareholders' Meeting

Fri, 17 Nov 2023 19:36:40 GMT

TORONTO, ONTARIO – November 17, 2023 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, (“ VVC ”), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following:

Shareholders’ Meeting

The Company’s virtual Annual General Meeting of Shareholders (“AGM”) took place virtually today with 43 attendees and representation by Proxy of about 68.26% of the shareholders. At the AGM, shareholders approved the election of all Directors proposed by Management with over 71.8% of the tendered votes being in favor and the re-appointment of MNP LLP as auditors of the Company with 83.8% of the tendered votes being in favor.

The Presentation of the AGM will be posted on the Company website.

VVC Chairman, Terrence Martell, commented, "As a representative of Management and the Board, I extend heartfelt gratitude to our shareholders for their support over the past year. We eagerly anticipate the opportunity to continue serving you in the coming year.”

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

VVC Connects Two Wells and Commences Sale of Helium and Natural Gas

Thu, 16 Nov 2023 13:10:20 GMT

VVC Continues Operational Progress and Anticipates Completion of Additional Wells by End of 2023

TORONTO, ONTARIO – November 16, 2023 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC" or the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQB:VVCVF) announces the successful connection of two wells in Syracuse, Kansas and the commencement of the sale of helium and natural gas. Durler 2-21 a newly completed well and Levens 2-31 an existing well are now connected to the Internal Pipeline and linked to Tumbleweed Midstream’s Ladder Creek Pipeline, facilitating the transportation of helium and natural gas to the Ladder Creek Helium Processing Plant located in Cheyenne Wells, Colorado.

As announced on May 09, 2022 , VVC installed 7 miles of its internal gathering system pipeline (“Syracuse Gas Gathering System”) and completed it by extending the project's total length to 14 miles ( see NR dated May 25, 2022 ). With the Durler 2-21 and Levens 2-31 wells been successfully linked to this Syracuse Gas Gathering System and currently in production, the Company initiated the sale of the extracted helium and natural gas. It is also noteworthy that part of the infrastructure installed by the Company in 2022 was a 14-mile Saltwater Gathering System. Both wells are connected to this system which returns any waste water to a permitted saltwater disposal well.

Situated in Hamilton County, Kansas, these wells represent key assets within the Company's extensive Syracuse Project. Over the next several weeks, VVC's technical team will conduct a comprehensive evaluation of these wells and further analysis to determine crucial metrics, such as average flow rates, and helium and natural gas percentages. The Company anticipates releasing this valuable data in the coming months.

Additionally, VVC announces that the previously drilled wells Levens 4-31, Weaver 1-15, and C-Double 1-16, in the Syracuse Project have been perforated and are ready for completion, and that the Hodgson 1-17, T Spiker 1-7 and Simon 1-18, wells are ready for perforation and completion. The Company anticipates completing these six wells by year-end, further bolstering its production.

Finally, permits are currently in progress for the first test well in the Stockholm project, the second leg of VVC's strategic approach to expanding its portfolio of helium and natural gas. The Stockholm project is the first of a series of projects that are expected to have significantly higher flow volume and helium percentages than the Syracuse project. Results from this well will provide guidance for the next stage of VVC’s helium and natural gas expansion.

Jim Culver, CEO of VVC, expressed his thanks to the team for these latest achievements, stating, "The connection of Durler 2-21 and Levens 2-31 to the Ladder Creek Pipeline is a first step in the Company’s revised VVC's helium and natural gas strategy. We look forward to sharing the results of production of these wells, and the Stockholm test well which will provide insights into the potential of the Company’s helium and natural gas resources."

For more information about VVC and its ongoing projects, please visit www.vvcresources.com .

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS:

This news release contains "forward-looking information" (within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws) and "forward-looking statements" (within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995). Such statements or information are identified with words such as "anticipate", "believe", "expect", "plan", "intend", "potential", "estimate", "propose", "project", "outlook", "foresee", “strategy”, "success" or similar words suggesting future outcomes or statements regarding an outlook. Such statements include, among others: Completion of Additional Wells by End of 2023; will conduct … further analysis to determine crucial metrics; Company anticipates releasing this valuable data in the coming months; Company anticipates completing these six wells by year-end; expected to have significantly higher flow volume and helium percentages; Results from this well will provide guidance for the next stage; look forward to sharing the results of production … which will provide insights into the potential.

Such forward-looking information or statements are based on several risks, uncertainties and assumptions which may cause actual results or other expectations to differ materially from those anticipated and which may prove to be incorrect. Assumptions have been made regarding, among other things, management's expectations regarding acquisitions, production of helium, future development and growth, plans for and completion of projects by Company’s third-party relationships, availability of capital, and the necessity to incur capital and other expenditures. Actual results could differ materially due to a number of factors, without limitation, operational risks in the completion of Company’s anticipated projects, delays or changes in plans with respect to the development of Company’s anticipated projects by Company’s third-party relationships, risks affecting the ability to develop projects, risks in legislative changes in the applicable jurisdictions, risks inherent in operating in foreign jurisdictions, the ability to attract key personnel, risks in decrease of price of helium and copper. No assurances can be given that the efforts by Company will be successful.

Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking information or statements are reasonable, prospective investors in the Company's securities should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because the Company can provide no assurance that such expectations will prove to be correct. Forward-looking information and statements contained in this news release are as of the date of this news release and the Company assumes no obligation to update or revise this forward-looking information and statements, except as required by law.

Investors are cautioned that notwithstanding the expectations described herein, there can be no assurance that the plans described herein will be completed as proposed. Trading in the securities of VVC should be considered highly speculative. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements and by those made in our filings with SEDAR in Canada (available at www.sedarplus.ca ).

Visualizing the History of Energy Transitions

Mon, 13 Nov 2023 13:44:52 GMT

By Govind Bhutada

The History of Energy Transitions

This was originally posted on Elements . Sign up to the free mailing list to get beautiful visualizations on natural resource megatrends in your email every week.

Over the last 200 years, how we’ve gotten our energy has changed drastically⁠.

These changes were driven by innovations like the steam engine, oil lamps, internal combustion engines, and the wide-scale use of electricity. The shift from a primarily agrarian global economy to an industrial one called for new sources to provide more efficient energy inputs.

As coal use and production increased, the cost of producing it fell due to economies of scale . Simultaneously, technological advances and adaptations brought about new ways to use coal.

The steam engine—one of the major technologies behind the Industrial Revolution—was heavily reliant on coal, and homeowners used coal to heat their homes and cook food. This is evident in the growth of coal’s share of the global energy mix, up from 1.7% in 1800 to 47.2% in 1900.

The Rise of Oil and Gas

In 1859, Edwin L. Drake built the first commercial oil well in Pennsylvania, but it was nearly a century later that oil became a major energy source.

Before the mass production of automobiles, oil was mainly used for lamps. Oil demand from internal combustion engine vehicles started climbing after the introduction of assembly lines, and it took off after World War II as vehicle purchases soared.

Similarly, the invention of the Bunsen burner opened up new opportunities to use natural gas in households. As pipelines came into place, gas became a major source of energy for home heating, cooking, water heaters, and other appliances.

Coal lost the home heating market to gas and electricity, and the transportation market to oil.

Despite this, it became the world’s most important source of electricity generation and still accounts for over one-third of global electricity production today.

The Transition to Renewable Energy

Renewable energy sources are at the center of the ongoing energy transition. As countries ramp up their efforts to curb emissions, solar and wind energy capacities are expanding globally .

Here’s how the share of renewables in the global energy mix changed over the last two decades:

I n the decade between 2000 and 2010, the share of renewables increased by just 1.1%. But the growth is speeding up—between 2010 and 2020, this figure stood at 3.5%.

Furthermore, the current energy transition is unprecedented in both scale and speed, with climate goals requiring net-zero emissions by 2050. That essentially means a complete fade-out of fossil fuels in less than 30 years and an inevitable rapid increase in renewable energy generation.

Renewable energy capacity additions were on track to set an annual record in 2021, following a record year in 2020. Additionally, global energy transition investment hit a record of $755 billion in 2021.

However, history shows that simply adding generation capacity is not enough to facilitate an energy transition. Coal required mines, canals, and railroads; oil required wells, pipelines, and refineries; electricity required generators and an intricate grid.

Similarly, a complete shift to low-carbon sources requires massive investments in natural resources, infrastructure, and grid storage, along with changes in our energy consumption habits.

Engineers develop an efficient process to make fuel from carbon dioxide

Tue, 07 Nov 2023 14:41:12 GMT

by David L. Chandler, Massachusetts Institute of Technology | OCTOBER 30, 2023

The search is on worldwide to find ways to extract carbon dioxide from the air or from power plant exhaust and then make it into something useful. One of the more promising ideas is to make it into a stable fuel that can replace fossil fuels in some applications. But most such conversion processes have had problems with low carbon efficiency, or they produce fuels that can be hard to handle, toxic, or flammable.

Now, researchers at MIT and Harvard University have developed an efficient process that can convert carbon dioxide into formate, a liquid or solid material that can be used like hydrogen or methanol to power a fuel cell and generate electricity. Potassium or sodium formate, already produced at industrial scales and commonly used as a de-icer for roads and sidewalks, is nontoxic, nonflammable, easy to store and transport, and can remain stable in ordinary steel tanks to be used months, or even years, after its production.

The new process, developed by MIT doctoral students Zhen Zhang, Zhichu Ren, and Alexander H. Quinn, Harvard University doctoral student Dawei Xi, and MIT Professor Ju Li, is described this week in the journal Cell Reports Physical Science .

The whole process—including capture and electrochemical conversion of the gas to a solid formate powder, which is then used in a fuel cell to produce electricity—was demonstrated at a small, laboratory scale. However, the researchers expect it to be scalable so that it could provide emissions-free heat and power to individual homes and even be used in industrial or grid-scale applications.

Other approaches to converting carbon dioxide into fuel, Li explains, usually involve a two-stage process: First the gas is chemically captured and turned into a solid form as calcium carbonate, then later that material is heated to drive off the carbon dioxide and convert it to a fuel feedstock such as carbon monoxide. That second step has very low efficiency, typically converting less than 20 percent of the gaseous carbon dioxide into the desired product, Li says.

By contrast, the new process achieves a conversion of well over 90 percent and eliminates the need for the inefficient heating step by first converting the carbon dioxide into an intermediate form, liquid metal bicarbonate. That liquid is then electrochemically converted into liquid potassium or sodium formate in an electrolyzer that uses low-carbon electricity, e.g. nuclear, wind, or solar power.

The highly concentrated liquid potassium or sodium formate solution produced can then be dried, for example by solar evaporation, to produce a solid powder that is highly stable and can be stored in ordinary steel tanks for up to years or even decades, Li says.

Several steps of optimization developed by the team made all the difference in changing an inefficient chemical-conversion process into a practical solution, says Li, who holds joint appointments in the departments of Nuclear Science and Engineering and of Materials Science and Engineering.

The process of carbon capture and conversion involves first an alkaline solution based capture that concentrates carbon dioxide, either from concentrated streams such as from power plant emissions or from very low-concentration sources, even open air, into the form of a liquid metal-bicarbonate solution. Then, through the use of a cation-exchange membrane electrolyzer, this bicarbonate is electrochemically converted into solid formate crystals with a carbon efficiency of greater than 96 percent, as confirmed in the team's lab-scale experiments.

These crystals have an indefinite shelf life, remaining so stable that they could be stored for years, or even decades, with little or no loss. By comparison, even the best available practical hydrogen storage tanks allow the gas to leak out at a rate of about 1 percent per day, precluding any uses that would require year-long storage, Li says.

Methanol, another widely explored alternative for converting carbon dioxide into a fuel usable in fuel cells, is a toxic substance that cannot easily be adapted to use in situations where leakage could pose a health hazard. Formate, on the other hand, is widely used and considered benign, according to national safety standards.

Several improvements account for the greatly improved efficiency of this process. First, a careful design of the membrane materials and their configuration overcomes a problem that previous attempts at such a system have encountered, where a buildup of certain chemical byproducts changes the pH, causing the system to steadily lose efficiency over time. "Traditionally, it is difficult to achieve long-term, stable, continuous conversion of the feedstocks," Zhang says. "The key to our system is to achieve a pH balance for steady-state conversion."

To achieve that, the researchers carried out thermodynamic modeling to design the new process so that it is chemically balanced and the pH remains at a steady state with no shift in acidity over time. It can therefore can continue operating efficiently over long periods. In their tests, the system ran for over 200 hours with no significant decrease in output. The whole process can be done at ambient temperatures and relatively low pressures (about five times atmospheric pressure).

Another issue was that unwanted side reactions produced other chemical products that were not useful, but the team figured out a way to prevent these side reactions by the introduction of an extra "buffer" layer of bicarbonate-enriched fiberglass wool that blocked these reactions.

The team also built a fuel cell specifically optimized for the use of this formate fuel to produce electricity. The stored formate particles are simply dissolved in water and pumped into the fuel cell as needed. Although the solid fuel is much heavier than pure hydrogen, when the weight and volume of the high-pressure gas tanks needed to store hydrogen is considered, the end result is an electricity output near parity for a given storage volume, Li says.

The formate fuel can potentially be adapted for anything from home-sized units to large scale industrial uses or grid-scale storage systems, the researchers say. Initial household applications might involve an electrolyzer unit about the size of a refrigerator to capture and convert the carbon dioxide into formate, which could be stored in an underground or rooftop tank.

Then, when needed, the powdered solid would be mixed with water and fed into a fuel cell to provide power and heat. "This is for community or household demonstrations," Zhang says, "but we believe that also in the future it may be good for factories or the grid."

From medicine to industrial processes: Exploring the many uses of helium

Mon, 06 Nov 2023 13:39:42 GMT

Helium’s uses extend far beyond its role in balloons – the material is vital for medical imaging, manufacturing industries, and scientific research.

The significance of helium, the second-most abundant element in the Universe, can hardly be overemphasised. Characterised by its low boiling point, light weight, and non-reactive nature, this noble gas has a myriad of uses that extend far beyond the familiar realm of party balloons and airships. From acting as an indispensable component in medical imaging to playing a critical role in numerous industrial processes and scientific research, the many uses of helium underscore its pivotal place in modern society.

However, despite its abundance in the Universe, helium is relatively scarce on Earth. This rarity combined with its extensive usage raises concerns about potential shortages and emphasises the necessity for conservation strategies.

Furthermore, understanding helium’s environmental implications becomes increasingly important given our dependence on it.

This article explores how helium facilitates various facets of modern life and discusses relevant environmental impacts and conservation efforts related to this invaluable resource.

The fundamental properties of helium

Regarded as the second lightest element in the Universe, helium boasts a unique set of properties that make it indispensable in numerous fields , from medical technology to industrial operations.

Classified as a noble gas due to its low reactivity, helium’s stability is arguably one of its most defining characteristics. This stability can be attributed to the fullness of its outermost electron shell, which prevents it from forming chemical bonds with other elements.

In addition to this inherent inert quality, helium displays remarkable cooling properties and has an extremely low boiling point at -268.93°C.

The cooling properties coupled with the low boiling point make helium highly effective for cryogenic applications where maintaining very low temperatures is crucial. These characteristics are particularly beneficial in industries such as electronics and space exploration where precise temperature control is required.

Furthermore, helium’s inert qualities mean that it does not react with other substances under normal conditions, making it ideal for use in processes where a nonreactive environment is necessary or desirable.

From these perspectives, one can appreciate how valuable this seemingly simple noble gas actually is and how widely its applications range across diverse sectors.

The use of helium in medical imaging

In the realm of medical imaging, the essential role of this noble gas cannot be overstated, particularly in technologies such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) where it functions as a cooling agent for superconducting magnets. The MRI safety depends largely on helium’s ability to maintain an extremely low temperature environment which is crucial for the proper operation of these devices.

Importantly, liquid helium reduces the electrical resistance of coils within MRI scanners and allows them to generate strong magnetic fields necessary for high-resolution imaging.

Notably, advancements in diagnosis have been made possible by incorporating helium into medical imaging technology developments . Inhaled helium has also shown potential in lung function tests showing its wide-ranging application in healthcare.

However, despite its vital importance, adequate management strategies are needed to handle this resource due to global supply constraints.

Helium uses in the manufacturing industry

Shifting our focus from the realm of healthcare to the production sector, it becomes evident that this noble gas has carved a niche for itself in diverse manufacturing operations. A key application of helium in the industry is observed in welding techniques, where its thermal conductivity and inert nature make it an optimal choice for use in processes like arc welding or laser beam welding.

Helium’s high heat transfer capacity aids in achieving deeper penetration into metals during welding, thus resulting in stronger welds.

Additionally, balloon manufacturers often resort to helium due to its lighter-than-air property which allows balloons to float. Its inertness also ensures that the balloons do not catch fire, thereby enhancing safety.

Furthermore, helium finds extensive use in leak detection systems owing to its small atomic size which enables it to permeate through even the smallest leaks with ease. This characteristic makes helium-based testing an effective strategy employed by industries ranging from automotive and aerospace engineering to nuclear power plants when stringent quality control measures are required.

In cooling systems enhancement, particularly those found within large-scale data centres or supercomputers, helium’s low boiling point and high specific heat capacity play crucial roles; these properties allow equipment to be cooled more efficiently compared with other gases.

Lastly, gas chromatography applications frequently utilise helium as a carrier gas due to its chemical inertness and ability to achieve rapid separation of complex mixtures without interacting with analysed substances thereby ensuring accurate results.

The importance of helium in scientific research

Beyond the domains of healthcare and manufacturing, this noble gas plays an integral role in advancing our understanding of the world through scientific research. Helium’s low boiling point and high thermal conductivity make it an ideal element for cooling instruments used in various branches of science, particularly in cryogenics research.

Superconducting magnets, which are fundamental to technologies such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines and particle accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider, require extremely low operating temperatures to function efficiently. These temperatures are often achieved using helium-cooled systems.

The study of quantum mechanics also benefits greatly from the properties of helium. When cooled near absolute zero, it creates a unique state of matter called a Bose-Einstein condensate that enables scientists to observe quantum phenomena on a macroscopic scale.

Furthermore, due to its inert nature and minimal interactions with other elements or compounds, helium serves as an excellent tracer gas in numerous experiments across different fields.

Environmental impact and conservation efforts

Despite its seemingly ethereal nature, the extraction and uses of helium have tangible repercussions for our environment, necessitating concerted conservation efforts.

Notably, the emission impacts from helium production can contribute to greenhouse gases and environmental degradation.

Over time, these emissions can accumulate in significant quantities with potentially deleterious effects on ecosystems and climate change patterns.

Conservation policies have therefore become increasingly crucial in mitigating these environmental consequences while ensuring a sustainable future for helium uses.

Helium recycling

This process involves reusing purified helium to minimise wastage and reduce demand for new extractions. Several industries have adopted helium recycling systems where used helium is captured, purified, compressed, and then reutilised.

Advancements in recovery technologies are making it possible to recycle helium even from small-scale operations, thereby reducing release into the atmosphere.

Conservation policies and alternative solutions

Governments worldwide are implementing stricter regulations that encourage efficient use of this irreplaceable resource alongside promoting research into alternative solutions.

The development of sustainable sourcing strategies is a key factor towards achieving long-term availability of this valuable resource without exacerbating environmental complications.

These initiatives not only balance the need for continued access to helium but also underscore the importance of environmentally responsible practices when dealing with finite resources such as helium.

The many uses of helium require considerable conservation efforts

Helium uses extend far beyond its familiar role in festive balloons. The element’s fundamental properties make it indispensable in medical imaging, manufacturing industries, and scientific research.

The environmental impact of helium extraction and consumption necessitates immediate conservation efforts. This truth underscores the urgency to protect this precious resource.

It also stirs a profound sense of responsibility towards our planet and future generations that depend on such critical elements for their well-being and advancement.

Visualizing the Critical Metals in a Smartphone

Fri, 03 Nov 2023 14:21:34 GMT

By Bruno Venditti

Visualizing the Critical Metals in a Smartphone

In an increasingly connected world, smartphones have become an inseparable part of our lives.

Over 60% of the world’s population owns a mobile phone and smartphone adoption continues to rise in developing countries around the world.

While each brand has its own mix of components, whether it’s a Samsung or an iPhone, most smartphones can carry roughly 80% of the stable elements on the periodic table.

But some of the vital metals to build these devices are considered at risk due to geological scarcity, geopolitical issues, and other factors.

What’s in Your Pocket?

This infographic based on data from the University of Birmingham details all the critical metals that you carry in your pocket with your smartphone.

1. Touch Screen

Screens are made up of multiple layers of glass and plastic, coated with a conductor material called indium which is highly conductive and transparent.

Indium responds when contacted by another electrical conductor, like our fingers.

When we touch the screen, an electric circuit is completed where the finger makes contact with the screen, changing the electrical charge at this location. The device registers this electrical charge as a “ touch event ”, then prompting a response.

2. Display

Smartphones screens display images on a liquid crystal display (LCD). Just like in most TVs and computer monitors, a phone LCD uses an electrical current to adjust the color of each pixel.

Several rare earth elements are used to produce the colors on screen.

3. Electronics

Smartphones employ multiple antenna systems, such as Bluetooth, GPS, and WiFi.

The distance between these antenna systems is usually small making it extremely difficult to achieve flawless performance. Capacitors made of the rare, hard, blue-gray metal tantalum are used for filtering and frequency tuning.

Nickel is also used in capacitors and in mobile phone electrical connections. Another silvery metal, gallium, is used in semiconductors.

4. Microphone, Speakers, Vibration Unit

Nickel is used in the microphone diaphragm (that vibrates in response to sound waves).

Alloys containing rare earths neodymium, praseodymium and gadolinium are used in the magnets contained in the speaker and microphone. Neodymium, terbium and dysprosium are also used in the vibration unit.

5. Casing

There are many materials used to make phone cases, such as plastic, aluminum, carbon fiber, and even gold . Commonly, the cases have nickel to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and magnesium alloys for EMI shielding.

6. Battery

Unless you bought your smartphone a decade ago, your device most likely carries a lithium-ion battery, which is charged and discharged by lithium ions moving between the negative (anode) and positive (cathode) electrodes.

What’s Next?

Smartphones will naturally evolve as consumers look for ever-more useful features. Foldable phones, 5G technology with higher download speeds, and extra cameras are just a few of the changes expected .

As technology continues to improve, so will the demand for the metals necessary for the next generation of smartphones.

This post was originally featured on Elements

Celebrities Are Getting Full-Body Health Scans—Should You?

Thu, 02 Nov 2023 18:43:14 GMT

Unlocking the Power of Helium in RMI Machines and Health Scans

Helium's exceptional properties, including its remarkably low melting point, have made it an indispensable resource in the world of cryogenics. This unique feature positions helium as the primary choice for superconductors, the fundamental building blocks of Resonance Magnetic Imaging (RMI) Machines. These machines, crucial in modern technology, play a pivotal role in various applications such as cell phone base stations, fast digital circuits, particle detectors, and the emerging field of quantum computing. As helium fuels the advancement of these technologies, it's also fascinating to explore the world of full-body health scans, where celebrities are increasingly embracing the benefits—raising the question: "Celebrities Are Getting Full-Body Health Scans—Should You?".

BY JAMIE DUCHARME

Convincing Americans to get their recommended health screenings can be an uphill battle. Data show that lots of people skip suggested cancer screenings even though they’re typically covered by insurance.

And yet, even as lots of people forgo routine care, a certain type of wellness-minded consumer is hungry for as much health data as they can find, giving rise to a market for pricey proactive tests, scans, and screenings done mostly for curiosity or peace of mind—and sometimes against the recommendations of medical experts.

In recent years, millions of people have bought direct-to-consumer tests to screen their saliva, blood, or urine for markers of future disease, and companies—including the now-infamous Theranos—have raked in millions of dollars in funding to provide such services. Some people have spent thousands of dollars for “ executive ” or “ white glove ” physical exams that include a battery of tests. And celebrities, most recently Kim Kardashian , have preached the benefits of expensive full-body MRI scans, which promise to detect health problems early.

The pandemic likely plays a part in this trend—survey data suggest many Americans feel more health-conscious now than before it—but it predates COVID-19.

When standard care isn't sufficient

For some people, proactive services may fill a void left by standard U.S. medical care, with its long waits, short appointments, and rushed providers . For others, it may feel like the logical next step in a culture where measuring steps, sleep, and calories is now standard . Or maybe, says Dr. Marianne Dubard-Gault, an oncologist, geneticist, and preventive medicine doctor at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, it’s about a sense of control and a desire to fend off the randomness of chronic disease.

Some studies have found that full-body scans can catch early signs of cancer and other health problems in some patients. People with family histories or other risk factors for certain diseases may particularly benefit from extra screenings, Dubard-Gault says.

But other medical experts believe the trend has gone too far.

“People [think] that knowing about something is always good,” says Dr. Jeffrey Linder, chief of general internal medicine at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. But “there’s a reason why doctors don’t test everybody for everything all the time.”

Many people have nodules, cysts, or masses in their bodies that could look concerning on a scan, but are actually harmless; similarly, some test results may fall outside the “normal” range without actually being dangerous, Linder says. It’s hard not to get anxious about an abnormal finding, though, so many patients end up scheduling follow-up tests that may be risky, invasive, expensive, and ultimately unnecessary, he says.

A 2019 research review concluded that “healthcare providers should not offer whole‐body MRI for preventive health screening to asymptomatic subjects outside of a research setting,” noting that such scans often produce false positives or inconclusive results that require potentially unnecessary follow-up care. Medical groups including the American College of Preventive Medicine , American College of Radiology , and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have taken similar positions, citing limited evidence that proactive scans provide measurable benefits to most healthy people.

Meanwhile, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)—a group of experts who issue screening guidelines that inform both clinical practice and insurance coverage policies—has not made a specific recommendation about full-body scans. “We would encourage people to focus on preventive services that are proven to keep people healthy,” USPSTF chair Dr. Michael Barry said in a statement provided to TIME.

Some experts even argue that Americans should be getting screened less , not more, than they already are. There are good data to back certain screenings, such as for colorectal cancer , but debate about how well some, such as a blood test that can help assess prostate-cancer risk , actually prolong life. Only 14% of cancers in the U.S. are diagnosed through screening tests, some research suggests .

Certain experts have been similarly hesitant about direct-to-consumer testing services, some of which claim to reveal genetic predispositions to disease.

There can be value in genetic testing, even for seemingly healthy people, Dubard-Gault says. Lots of people don’t know they carry markers for cancer, and having that information could inform their medical care moving forward. But “context matters,” she says.

Interpreting the results

Dubard-Gault's “secret sauce” as a physician, she says, is interpreting test results while taking into account a person’s entire health profile. Much of that granularity is lost when someone takes an at-home test, which also may not be as accurate or comprehensive as those ordered by a medical professional, she says. “You do need a health care professional to do this,” Dubard-Gault says. “The interpretation of all of these is not trivial.”

Despite reservations from experts, these services aren’t likely to fade away any time soon. Body-scanning company Prenuvo has performed “tens of thousands” of scans since 2009 and increased the number of MRI machines in its fleet by 500% since 2020, according to a company spokesperson; it reportedly plans to open new U.S. clinics soon . And the self-testing market, buoyed by widespread use of at-home COVID-19 diagnostics, is projected to nearly double in valuation over the next decade. As the market expands, Dubard-Gault says, so does demand from patients.

Some people may see benefits. But Linder worries that as such services become more widespread, their lofty promises about improving health may distract from the things that are proven to work: the “boring” but effective essentials like eating a balanced diet, exercising, and getting plenty of sleep.

Why Copper and Nickel Are the Key Metals for Energy Utopia

Mon, 30 Oct 2023 14:00:02 GMT

By Govind Bhutada | Graphics/Design: Athul Alexander

Copper and Nickel: The Key Metals for Energy Utopia

The raw materials required to transport and store clean energy are critical for the energy transition. Copper and nickel are two such metals.

Copper is essential for the transmission and distribution of clean electricity, while nickel powers lithium-ion batteries for EVs and energy storage systems.

The above infographic sponsored by CanAlaska Uranium explores how copper and nickel are enabling green technologies and highlights why they are essential for a utopian energy future.

Copper: Transporting Clean Energy

When it comes to conducting electricity, copper is second only to silver. This property makes it an indispensable building block for multiple energy technologies, including:

Electric vehicles: On average, a typical electric car contains 53kg of copper, primarily found in the wirings and car components.
Solar power: Solar panels use 2.8 tonnes of copper per megawatt (MW) of installed capacity, mainly for heat exchangers, wiring, and cabling.
Wind energy: Onshore wind turbines contain 2.9 tonnes of copper per MW of capacity. Offshore wind turbines, which typically use copper in undersea cables, use 8 tonnes per MW.
Power grids: Copper, alongside aluminum, is the preferred choice for electric transmission and distribution networks due to its reliability and efficiency.

BloombergNEF projects that, due to its expansive role in clean energy, the demand for copper from clean energy applications will double by 2030 from 2020 levels. The table below compares annual copper demand from clean energy, in tonnes, in 2020 vs. 2030:

Although power grids will account for the largest portion of annual copper demand through 2030, EV batteries are projected to spearhead the growth.

Nickel: Powering Lithium-ion Batteries

Nickel is a key ingredient in lithium-ion batteries for EVs and stationary energy storage systems. For EVs, nickel-based cathodes offer more energy density and longer driving ranges as compared to cathodes with lower nickel content.

According to Wood Mackenzie , batteries could account for 41% of global nickel demand by 2030, up from just 7% in 2021.

Nickel-based cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, including NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) and NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum), are prevalent in EVs and make up more than 50% of the battery cathode chemistry market.

A Bright Future for Copper and Nickel

Both copper and nickel are essential building blocks of EVs and other key technologies for the energy transition and ultimately energy utopia.

As more such technologies are deployed, these metals are likely to be in high demand, with clean energy applications supplementing their existing industrial uses.

A Green Horizon: U.S. Carbon Capture Investments Enhanced by U.S. Legislation

Fri, 27 Oct 2023 14:23:01 GMT

OCTOBER 23, 2023 BY JIM FRAZER

In the ambitious voyage towards a sustainable future, the U.S. has set its sails towards the burgeoning domain of Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS). The recent episode from The Sustainability Podcast below unveiled a milestone—investments in CCUS surpassing $50 billion, a remarkable feat facilitated by the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022 and the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

The current ecosystem:

The IRA and Bipartisan Infrastructure Law are the linchpins in the federal framework that steers the U.S. closer to its net-zero ambitions. The IRA, a landmark legislation, embarks on a multi-faceted mission to curb inflation, lower healthcare costs, and notably, funnel investments into domestic energy production while promoting clean energy initiatives. On the other flank, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, an unprecedented investment in the nation’s infrastructure, allocates substantial resources towards myriad sectors including roads, bridges, transit, and the electric grid, with a pronounced emphasis on advancing a clean energy future.

Adding a layer of depth to the federal framework, the IRA has dedicated about $400 billion towards clean energy, marking a significant stride towards the U.S.'s net-zero emissions target by 2050. Within this framework, the 45Q tax credit has seen a substantial enhancement, offering $85 per ton of CO2 captured, up from the previous $50 per ton. Moreover, the IRA extends this credit to direct air capture facilities, now receiving $108 per metric ton of CO2 captured. This amendment has broadened the market scope, enabling 54% of the current carbon capture technologies and companies to qualify for the 45Q tax credit.

On the other side, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law has allocated around $67 billion to the Department of Defense (DoD) for deploying multiple demonstration projects and pilot programs over the next five years. Noteworthy among them are the regional direct air capture hubs, with two such projects already announced in Louisiana and South Texas. These projects symbolize the collaborative spirit between public and private sectors, where federal initiatives are liaising with private enterprises for technological deployment and development in the carbon capture space.

Current challenges:

The path to a low-carbon economy is strewn with operational, technological, and regulatory hurdles. The infrastructural demands for transporting and storing captured carbon, high operational costs, and the need for advanced technologies are some of the critical challenges that could potentially decelerate the pace of CCUS deployment.

Overcoming the hurdles:

A holistic approach is indispensable to overcoming these challenges. This entails fostering a conducive policy environment, bolstering public-private partnerships to spur capital influx and technological innovations, and amplifying public awareness on the pivotal role of CCUS in climate mitigation.

The future landscape:

With the financial and legislative scaffolding in place, the landscape of CCUS in the U.S. is poised for a transformative journey. The fusion of policy, technology, and capital, as manifested in the recent legislative actions, heralds a promising trajectory towards achieving the nation’s net-zero targets.

Summing up

The confluence of substantial investments, policy frameworks, and collective resolve underscores a promising narrative for carbon capture initiatives in the U.S. The insights shared in the recent episode of The Sustainability Podcast elucidate the evolving dynamics of the CCUS landscape, offering a compelling narrative for senior technology and operations executives eager to navigate through the green horizon.

For a deeper understanding and further insights into the U.S. carbon capture investments and legislative impact, tune into The Sustainability Podcast. This episode provides a comprehensive discussion on the monumental financial commitments and policy frameworks bolstering the CCUS landscape, offering a rich narrative for those keen on understanding the evolving dynamics of carbon capture initiatives.

Visualized: How Much Metal is Used in Clean Energy Technology?

Tue, 24 Oct 2023 19:41:42 GMT

By Tessa Di Grand i | Graphics/Design: Pernia Jamshed

How Much Metal is Used in Clean Energy?

In 2022, a record 12% of all global power was harnessed from solar and wind, up from 10% in 2021, underscoring the growth of clean energy sources.

Essential minerals that form the foundation of clean energy technologies are at the heart of this transition. But what makes these minerals so indispensable?

This infographic, sponsored by Teck , looks at how much, and what types of metals are used in clean energy.

Clean Energy Uses More Metal

Clean energy systems, on average, require more minerals to build. Let’s take a look at the amount needed for wind and solar applications.

Offshore wind uses the largest amount of metals here, with its copper demand alone reaching around 8,000 kilograms per megawatt of energy.

A Closer Look at Copper

Copper is the world’s third most used industrial metal and is essential for clean energy technologies due to its outstanding conductivity, versatility, and superior heat dissipation capabilities compared to other metals.

Copper’s sustainability credentials are also firmly established. This is due to its recyclability rate of 100%, meaning it can be reused multiple times without any decline in performance.

Growing clean energy infrastructure will place even more significant demands on copper. A wind farm can contain between 4 million and 15 million pounds of copper.

A Closer Look at Zinc

Zinc is renowned as one of the most versatile and vital elements in human applications. It stands as the fourth most used metal worldwide, following iron, aluminum, and copper.

Its primary application is in the galvanization process, where it acts as a protective layer for iron and steel against corrosion.

Zinc coatings play a crucial role in public transportation and infrastructure by extending the life of steel used in bridge rails, support structures, railway tracks, and more.

The construction of solar panels and wind turbines has resulted in additional demand for zinc because these assets are always exposed to the elements.

A 100MWh solar panel park—capable of powering 110,000 homes—needs 240 tonnes of zinc.

Metals for the Future

As the world moves towards renewable energy sources, copper, and zinc will remain in high demand.

Teck, being one of the world’s largest producers of copper and zinc, is dedicated to providing the metals essential for a low-carbon future.

What Powered the World in 2022?

Fri, 20 Oct 2023 20:38:21 GMT

What Electricity Sources Power the World?

By Chris Dickert | Graphics/Design: Sam Parker

In 2022, 29,165.2 terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity was generated around the world, an increase of 2.3% from the previous year.

In this visualization, we look at data from the latest Statistical Review of World Energy , and ask what powered the world in 2022.

Coal is Still King

Coal still leads the charge when it comes to electricity, representing 35.4% of global power generation in 2022, followed by natural gas at 22.7%, and hydroelectric at 14.9%.

Over three-quarters of the world’s total coal-generated electricity is consumed in just three countries. China is the top user of coal, making up 53.3% of global coal demand, followed by India at 13.6%, and the U.S. at 8.9%.

Burning coal—for electricity, as well as metallurgy and cement production—is the world’s single largest source of CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, its use in electricity generation has actually grown 91.2% since 1997, the year when the first global climate agreement was signed in Kyoto, Japan.

Renewables on the Rise

However, even as non-renewables enjoy their time in the sun, their days could be numbered.

In 2022, renewables, such as wind, solar, and geothermal, represented 14.4% of total electricity generation with an extraordinary annual growth rate of 14.7%, driven by big gains in solar and wind. Non-renewables, by contrast, only managed an anemic 0.4%.

The authors of the Statistical Review do not include hydroelectric in their renewable calculations, even though many others, including the International Energy Agency , consider it a “well-established renewable power technology.”

With hydroelectric moved into the renewable column, together they accounted for over 29.3% of all electricity generated in 2022, with an annual growth rate of 7.4%.

France’s Nuclear Horrible Year

Another big mover in this year’s report was nuclear energy.

In addition to disruptions at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant in Ukraine, shutdowns in France’s nuclear fleet to address corrosion found in the safety injection systems of four reactors led to a 4% drop in global use, year-over-year.

The amount of electricity generated by nuclear energy in that country dropped 22% to 294.7 TWh in 2022. As a result, France went from being the world’s biggest exporter of electricity, to a net importer.

Powering the Future

Turning mechanical energy into electrical energy is a relatively straightforward process. Modern power plants are engineering marvels, to be sure, but they still work on the same principle as the very first generator invented by Michael Faraday in 1831.

But how you get the mechanical energy is where things get complicated: coal powered the first industrial revolution, but heated the planet in the process; wind is free and clean, but is unreliable; and nuclear fission reliably generates emission-free electricity, but also creates radioactive waste.

With temperature records being set around the world in the summer, resolving these tensions isn’t just academic and next year’s report could be a crucial test of the world’s commitment to a clean energy future.

Copper producers warn of lack of mines to meet demand for metal

Wed, 18 Oct 2023 14:26:33 GMT

Warning comes as falling prices hit commodity vital for green transition

Harry Dempsey and Euan Healy in London OCTOBER 9 2023

The world’s largest copper producers have warned that there is a lack of mines under development to deliver enough of the metal to keep pace with the clean energy transition.

The warning comes as miners struggle with falling metal prices because of the weakness of the global economy and cost inflation, which makes executives, investors and banks cautious over financing new projects.

With labour shortages also holding back new supplies, there are worries over the switch to carbon-free power since copper is vital to manufacture electric cars and upgrade the electricity grid.

Kathleen Quirk, president of Freeport-McMoran, the largest US copper producer, said that higher copper prices alone would not be enough to secure enough metal needed for the world to go green.

“Now it’s not just price. It’s these other factors that really are going to limit how quickly we can develop supplies,” she said, speaking on the sidelines of the FT Mining Summit last week. “What may end up happening is that this [energy transition] gets extended out longer.”

Copper prices have dropped 4 per cent this year to about $8,000 a tonne, down from more than $10,000 at their peak last year, as the growth in the world economy has cooled off and production at new mines in Peru and Chile has been increasing.

Yet demand for the commodity is expected to take off to supply the green economy, as well as to support the economic rise of India and other developing nations.

The living standards of the average westerner requires 200-250 kilogrammes of copper per person, versus 60kg on average globally, according to Anglo American, one of the world’s largest miners.

It is used in everything from electrical wiring and household appliances to infrastructure such as trains.

Its use will become ever greater as the world goes green, resulting in it being dubbed the “metal of electrification”, with forecasts that it will double to a 50mn tonne market by 2035 compared with 2021 levels, according to S&P Global, which predicts a “chronic gap” between supply and demand.

Also speaking at the FT summit, Robert Friedland, billionaire mining magnate and founder of Ivanhoe Mines, said that the current bout of softer prices would stoke shortages later on.

Despite huge expected growth, copper producers are struggling to generate enough large projects because the commodity is becoming harder to find in high quantities in the ground.

For example, Freeport is turning to new technology to extract copper from old piles of mining waste ahead of expanding mines.

Farid Dadashev, head of European metals and mining at RBC Capital Markets, said that executives were proving reluctant to invest in mines that will take 10-15 years to build and cost billions of dollars with low prices and political uncertainty in mining jurisdictions.

“When you add further complexity from longer permitting timelines, higher inflation and generally declining ore body grades, this perhaps explains why we’re finding ourselves in the situation where it’s likely there won’t be enough copper to meet decarbonisation goals in the next few decades,” he said.

Copper miners are becoming increasingly resigned to the likelihood of shortages later this decade driving innovation to substitute and reduce use of the metal in products, although it is uncertain how far this can go.

“There will be some restructuring of demand,” said Maximo Pacheco, chair of Codelco, the Chilean state mining group, which produced the lowest volume of copper in 25 years in 2022.

For some, the supply crunch for metals risks a trade-off between satisfying the decarbonisation goals of the economy and efforts to lift large parts of the world out of poverty without policy intervention.

“Something has to give somewhere along the line,” said Duncan Wanblad, chief executive of Anglo American.

Copper Shortage Threatens Green Transition

Mon, 16 Oct 2023 13:15:00 GMT

Challenges in opening new mines expected to leave production lagging behind rising demand

By Yusuf Khan

April 18, 2023 1:00 am ET | WSJ PRO

Metal markets seem to think copper is the new lithium. A lack of new mining activity has added to worries that there won’t be enough of the red metal for the energy transition, a popular topic at this week’s World Copper Conference in Santiago, Chile.

South America currently dominates copper production and Chile is the largest mined producer. Increasing mine output has proved a challenge, prompting a wave of deal making in the industry and warnings of a serious supply shortfall over the next decade.

Copper is used in wiring and construction as well as electric vehicles, solar panels and other green technologies. Electrification is expected to increase annual copper demand to 36.6 million metric tons by 2031, with supply forecast to be around 30.1 million tons, creating a 6.5 million ton shortfall at the start of the next decade, according to consulting firm McKinsey & Co.

In 2021, refined copper demand stood at 25.3 million tons, according to the International Copper Study Group.

“The market overall is pretty tight,” said Robert Edwards, copper analyst at CRU. “Longer term there’s a narrative around resource scarcity and the green transition with EVs and renewables as well as the build-out of electricity grids. On paper it’s quite a substantial supply gap opening up over the next 10 years,” he added.

However, “there’s no slack in the system, no buffer,” said Marex’s head of market analytics Guy Wolf at a recent conference in Switzerland. He said that copper was the only metal with locked-in demand growth, but indicated prices would need to rise to $15,000 a metric ton to attract investment in new mines. Futures on the London Metal Exchange are around $9,000 a ton.

Copper miners have been at the center of a recent spurt of deal making. Glencore PLC recently offered $23 billion for Canadian miner Teck Resources Ltd. , potentially creating the third-largest copper producer in the world. Teck rejected the offer. BHP Group Ltd. also gained court approval on Monday for the takeover ofOZ MineralsLtd., a deal valued at $6.34 billion .

However, analysts say a lack of new mined resources is the main hurdle. Mined output globally in 2022 was 21.8 million tons according to the International Copper Study Group, rising only 1 million tons over the previous three years.

Analysts forecast little output growth in Peru and Chile. Mines are operating at low staff levels and slowed operations after local protests from community groups, with reasons varying from worker safety to rising governmental control over mine assets. Research firm Fitch Solutions estimates that 2023 copper mined production in Chile will likely be about 5.7 million tons, the same volume as in 2020.

“We now see some projects coming online in Peru and in Chile, which will add incremental supply, but there is not a lot in terms of pipeline in terms of long run,” said Barbara Mattos, an analyst at ratings company Moody’s Investors Service. She cautioned that the new ores being mined are of lower grades, meaning that even if mining activity stays flat, copper volumes produced are likely to be lower.

Potential new supplies could come from the rich copper seams in Congo and Zambia in central Africa. They are now being exploited. However, the largest deposits are still in South America. According to Congo’s Ministry of Mines, copper metal exports totaled 2.3 million metric tons in 2022, up from 1.8 million metric tons in 2021, less than half of Chile’s output.

According to analysts it is more of a “when” not an “if” copper demand is likely to surge. “The question is how fast this transition will occur and exactly where,” said Ms. Mattos.

Green uses of copper accounted for 4% of copper consumption in 2020, but this is expected to rise to 17% by 2030, according to a recent note from Aditi Rai, an analyst at Goldman Sachs . He added a “net-zero emissions” path would mean the world would need an additional 54% of copper by 2030 on top of that forecast.

Changes in technology should ease some copper demand pressures. Mr. Edwards pointed to changes in battery packs already cutting copper usage in electric vehicles. He also said that Chinese construction isn’t likely to maintain the pace it has kept for the past 20 years, helping to somewhat offset green demand growth.

Write to Yusuf Khan at yusuf.khan@wsj.com

Biden Administration Awards $7 Billion for 7 Hydrogen Hubs Across the U.S.

Fri, 13 Oct 2023 14:07:44 GMT

Clean hydrogen could help fight climate change, but it barely exists today. Now the administration wants to build an entire industry from scratch.

By Brad Plumer | Reporting from Washington

The Biden administration announced plans on Friday to award up to $7 billion to create seven regional hubs around the country that will make and use hydrogen, a clean-burning fuel with the potential to power ships or factories without producing any planet-warming emissions.

Hydrogen is widely seen as a promising tool to fight climate change, as long as it can be produced without creating any greenhouse gases. When burned, hydrogen releases just water vapor. But very little of this so-called clean hydrogen is used today. By awarding the grants, the Biden administration is trying to stand up an entire industry from scratch.

Dozens of regions competed for the money , which will be awarded to proposed hydrogen projects on the Gulf Coast (Texas and Louisiana) and in the Mid-Atlantic (Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey), Appalachia (Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio), the Midwest (Illinois, Indiana and Michigan), the Upper Midwest (Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota) and the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon and Montana). A proposed hub in California will also receive funding.

President Biden and Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm were expected to travel to the Port of Philadelphia on Friday to discuss the announcement.

“Clean hydrogen is one of our most versatile, sharpest tools to slash emissions,” Ms. Granholm wrote in June when she outlined the administration’s hydrogen strategy.

In theory, hydrogen could be used to help produce steel, cement, chemicals and fertilizer. It could also be used to power trucks, ships or airplanes or to produce electricity, all without emitting the greenhouse gases that are dangerously heating the planet.

The Biden Administration’s Environmental Agenda

Oil Drilling: The Biden administration said it would lease just three spots in the Gulf of Mexico to oil companies for drilling over the next five years, the smallest number of lease sales offered since the federal drilling program began decades ago.

A Second-Term Target: If President Biden wins a re-election, his climate policies would take aim at steel and cement plants, factories and oil refineries — heavily polluting industries that have never before had to rein in their greenhouse gases.

Inflation Reduction Act: Private investment in clean energy projects surged after Biden signed the bill into law in 2022 , a development that shows how lucrative tax incentives have reshaped some consumer and corporate spending in the United States.

The challenge, however, is figuring out how to manufacture that hydrogen cleanly. Today, companies usually extract hydrogen from natural gas in a process that emits large amounts of carbon dioxide. But it is also possible to produce hydrogen without any emissions — by, for instance, using wind turbines or solar panels to power electrolyzers that can split water into hydrogen and oxygen . The catch is that making hydrogen this way is still two to three times as expensive as making it with natural gas.

To help jump-start a clean hydrogen economy, Congress approved $8 billion to create regional hydrogen hubs as part of the 2021 bipartisan infrastructure law. As part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, lawmakers approved a hefty tax credit for companies that produce low-emissions hydrogen, in the hopes of driving down the cost of production.

Partly as a result of those laws, the Department of Energy estimates that the use of clean hydrogen could grow to 10 million tons per year by 2030 , up from virtually nothing today.

The gusher of federal money also kicked off a furious competition among states. The Department of Energy initially received 79 proposals for hydrogen hubs from states across the country before selecting seven. The hubs typically consist of networks of businesses, labor groups, researchers and local governments that have pledged to work together to produce, transport and use clean hydrogen.

Each of the award winners plans to take a slightly different approach. The proposed hub in California, for instance, aims to produce hydrogen from renewable energy and use the fuel to power heavy-duty trucks and port operations in Long Beach, Los Angeles and Oakland.

By contrast, the Appalachian hub, which will span parts of Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio, is expected to continue to use natural gas to produce hydrogen, but companies will seek to capture carbon dioxide emissions from the process and bury it underground. That proposal was backed by Senator Joe Manchin, Democrat of West Virginia.

Some environmentalists and researchers have criticized that method , known as “blue hydrogen,” and warned that it could still lead to high emissions if methane leaks from the process.

The Energy Department estimates that nearly two-thirds of the investments will eventually go toward hydrogen made by renewable electricity.

Not all of the $7 billion in funding will be spent at once. As a first step, the Energy Department will give awardees initial grants to create more detailed proposals for their hydrogen hubs. If the agency deems the projects viable, it will disburse more money over time — but that money is not guaranteed if any of the hubs prove unworkable.

“We’re still a long, long ways away from creating a large-scale hydrogen economy,” said Alex Kizer, a senior vice president at the Energy Futures Initiative, a Washington nonprofit organization. “Think of these hubs as laboratories of sorts to experiment with potential business models for hydrogen and to try to figure out some of the technological and infrastructure hurdles.”

One big debate over hydrogen involves its use. There is widespread agreement that hydrogen should be used as a clean fuel when there are few other low-emissions alternatives, such as when making fertilizer. But some researchers say it makes less sense to use hydrogen to create electricity or to fuel cars or heat homes when there are simpler, more efficient alternatives, like electric cars or heat pumps.

“I do worry that with all this money, there’s going to be an effort to force feed hydrogen into applications where it’s not all that effective at cutting emissions,” said Sean O’Leary, a researcher at the Ohio Valley River Institute who has criticized the Appalachian hub proposal.

Many hydrogen producers are also still waiting for the Internal Revenue Service to release the rules regarding a lucrative tax credit for low-emissions hydrogen that could ultimately be worth hundreds of billions of dollars. That guidance has been the subject of intense lobbying : Environmental groups have argued that strict safeguards are needed around the tax credit so that hydrogen production doesn’t inadvertently lead to more carbon emissions, while some industry groups have warned that too-strict rules could throttle the industry altogether.

“The hydrogen hub money pales in comparison to that tax credit,” said Bryan Fisher, a managing director at RMI, a nonprofit organization that supports clean energy. “Everyone’s waiting to see how that gets resolved.”

Helium Wars: Why Are Tech Giants Fighting Over This Rare Gas?

Tue, 10 Oct 2023 20:12:48 GMT

By Michael Kern | OilPrice.com

A daunting list of key industries the world over is now wondering where their future supplies of helium will come from.

What battery metals are to gigafactories, helium is to everything from scientific research, medical technology and high-tech manufacturing to space exploration and national defense.

None can survive without helium—a non-renewable natural resource typically recovered from natural gas deposits. Helium is unique among all elements because it can reach ultra-cold temperatures making possible everything from magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) and semiconductors (which are now suffering from a supply shortage ) to fiber optic telecommunications and even space exploration.

Multi-billion-dollar industries depend on this; yet, we have been in a state of helium shortage since 2016. And in 2022, the war in Ukraine effectively cut off helium supplies from Russia, a leading exporter with big expansion plans.

An energy crisis deprived industries of even more, with the world’s largest producers forced to abandon helium in favor of natural gas rationing.

Now, with North American industries now experiencing a supply squeeze and geopolitical risk putting other major suppliers out of reach, Avanti Helium Corp.’s ( TSXV: AVN ; OTC: ARGYF ) two recent discoveries and first production planned for the first-quarter of next year, is a propitious development.

And with helium worth hundreds of times more than natural gas, the opportunity is overripe for energy-sector investors.

Two Helium Discoveries Amid a Supply Squeeze

These Montana-based helium discoveries are larger than expected, and have the potential to redraw the helium map in North America’s favor, expanding from Montana into Alberta, Canada.

In June last year, Avanti discovered 187 million cubic feet of net recoverable helium gas, based on a raw gas estimate of 17 billion cubic feet recoverable and net helium concentration of 1.1% at its WNG 11-22 well in the Greater Knappen Property in Montana.

Then, in January this year, Avanti expanded the pool with the second well flowing 20 million cubic feet per day , also at Greater Knappen. That flow rate and helium percentage was more than double Avanti’s initial expectations.

The two wells will be brought into production in the first quarter of next year.

All of this helium comes from the development of a single pool on the Greater Knappen property, and there are approximately 10 more pools to drill.

Avanti’s Greater Knappen property is an 82,000-acre opportunity for North America. With 100% interest in this prospective helium play, and1-2% helium in its discoveries. This gives Avanti a clear North American advantage.

Risk-Reduction with a Major Midstream Deal

Just days ago, Avanti ( TSXV: AVN ; OTC: ARGYF ) signed an agreement with a veteran helium midstream company that already has over a dozen helium plants across North America. That is the biggest de-risking driver since Avanti’s two discoveries because it fast-tracks the commercialization of Avanti’s helium recovery plant with raw gas from its Sweetgrass helium pool. The plant is now set to begin operations in the first quarter of 2024.

The agreement with private company IACX gives Avanti even more experience, CAPEX power, supply-chain strength, and existing component inventory because IACX already operates over a dozen helium plants across North America.

The agreement calls for the construction, financing, and operations of a helium recovery plant that will process raw gas from Avanti’s Sweetgrass Helium pool in the Greater Knappen project. The plant is designed to initially process 10 million cubic feet per day of raw gas beginning in Q1 2024, with the option to ramp up to 15 million cubic feet per day.

The deal is also fee-based. For investors, that means it will primarily be paid out of operational cashflow from the plant, making it unnecessary for Avanti to do a major equity raise, which would dilute shares, or obtain high-interest debt.

Avanti will feed its raw gas to the new plant via pipeline. Once in the plant, the raw gas is concentrated into 98% pure “crude” helium. Because “crude” helium is still gaseous, it is transported further to a liquefaction plant where the chilling process removes the remaining nitrogen, leaving a helium purity of 99.999% - the market premium, and cools the helium to -269C, the temperature at which it liquifies.

All the steps of this process amount to ~$211/Mcf (thousand cubic feet) initially and declining to ~$163/Mcf by year three. Additional costs such as royalties and power are expected to total ~$70/Mcf or less. That means that the total operational costs of marketed liquid helium will be approximately $280-$230/Mcf over five years.

While last year, helium prices spiked because hopes for plentiful supply were dashed, selling for $500 Mcf all the way up to $1,000/Mcf depending on purity and grade, prices remain opaque and vary from deal to deal.

Some insight comes from the recent contract announced by Royal Helium in early July. That contract was for $625/Mcf, without trucking and liquefaction. With trucking and liquefaction, that would make the gross price ~$750/Mcf. Using these numbers, we can arrive at a potential netback for Avanti of $470-$520/Mcf.

With the new helium recovery unit initially producing 10 MMcfd (million cubic feet per day) and ramping up in an estimated nine months to 15MMcfd, this could potentially position Avanti to earn as much as $14.9 million annually, using a netback of $500/Mcf. When it ramps up, the earnings could shoot up to as much as $22 million or more annually.

Beacon Securities, which has initiated coverage of Avanti, forecasts the company to generate $22.5 million of EBITDA in 2024 .

Beacon also expects Avanti to resume exploration drilling on the Greater Knappen project once it is generating EBITDA early next year, with additional expectations that new drilling will lead to another helium recovery plant by the third quarter of 2025, with EBITDA then possibly nearing the $40 million mark.

What Beacon is now looking for in the news flow is a forward movement on Avanti’s plans to finance the pipeline for the Sweetgrass site as well as an independent offtake agreement—both of which Beacon expects to hear about in the coming months.

Beacon referred to Avanti’s ( TSXV: AVN ; OTC: ARGYF ) midstream agreement with IACX as “a major de-risking step in AVN’s path to production of liquified helium that should receive a price of US$750/mcf or more”. Beacon’s forecast is that AVN is trading at an EV/EBIDTA multiple of 2.4x for next year, and only 0.9x for 2025. “With a compelling macro backdrop in the critical helium sector, we believe that multiple should be much higher”. Beacon Securities maintains its $2.25 price target for AVN.

A Critical Junction for American Helium

Prior to 2016, helium supplies were not a concern. The U.S. was stockpiling helium as a matter of national interest beginning in the 1960s, at the height of the Cold War. That strategic supply of helium was stored at the Federal Helium Reserve in Amarillo, Texas, with controlled pricing.

Nearly half of the U.S. supply of helium came from this reserve. That reserve is dwindling, and earlier this month, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) announced that all the assets of the federal helium system would be auctioned off for sale in November . To offset this lost domestic supply of helium, a pure play exploration industry is developing.

The helium land grab is in full force, as explorers search for new sources of helium in commercial quantities. That means fields with high helium contents. Montana and Canada’s Saskatchewan province are two major venues for this, as Avanti has already discovered.

This also means that helium explorers need to have significant natural gas exploration and production experience. The Avanti team has exactly this, in one of the largest oil and gas discoveries in North American history: Canada’s Montney Shale. Avanti CEO Chris Bakker played a significant role in the Montney’s development on behalf of giant Encana.

Now, with the global helium market set to hit nearly $6.5 billion in just three years, Avanti is a clear industry leader with two discoveries, much more to explore, and a midstream deal to get its first helium recovery unit up and running by the beginning of next year.

Other companies to keep an eye on:

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (NYSE: APD) is an industrial gas titan with a diverse portfolio of products that serve various sectors from food processing to semiconductors. Their expertise in handling and delivering specialty gases makes them a key player in the realm of helium distribution. As we advance technologically, helium's role in cooling, healthcare, and electronics becomes even more vital.

The company's expansive global network enables it to deliver helium to industries across continents. Its state-of-the-art storage and delivery solutions ensure that the gas reaches its destination in the purest form, maintaining its efficacy. For APD, it's not just about supplying a gas; it's about supporting the innovations that this gas powers.

Given the growing demand for helium and the company's pioneering efforts in its safe and efficient transportation, APD promises to be a major stakeholder in the helium-centric future. Investors with an eye on industries that hinge on helium should consider APD as a solid investment avenue with a track record of reliability and innovation.

Linde PLC (NYSE: LIN) is more than just a gas provider; it's a global leader in making our modern lives possible. From healthcare to clean energy, Linde's solutions have an expansive reach, and their ventures into the helium sector stand testament to their forward-thinking approach.

Helium, as a resource, is not just about balloons. It's instrumental in MRI scanners, semiconductor manufacturing, and even space exploration. Recognizing this, Linde has invested heavily in ensuring a steady supply chain, even as global helium reserves become harder to source. Their commitment to sustainability ensures that helium extraction doesn't compromise environmental standards.

With Linde's emphasis on research, sustainability, and efficient distribution, they are poised to become indispensable in a world increasingly reliant on helium. Investors keen on backing a company that's both ethically responsible and strategically positioned for the future should seriously consider Linde PLC.

Exxon Mobil Corporation (NYSE: XOM) is synonymous with energy leadership. For decades, Exxon has shaped global energy trends, and their vast network and resources place them in a unique position to navigate emerging market shifts, like the increasing importance of helium.

While not their primary focus, helium extraction is an extension of Exxon's expertise in the natural gas sector. As helium reserves become scarcer, the capability to efficiently extract it from natural gas becomes a valuable asset. Exxon's extensive research and development facilities are also constantly exploring efficient extraction techniques, ensuring they remain ahead of the curve.

For investors, Exxon represents more than just oil. With the growing demand for helium, Exxon's existing infrastructure and R&D capabilities place it in a strong position to leverage this burgeoning market. Their reputation for innovation combined with stability makes them a promising choice for those looking at long-term growth.

Chevron Corporation (NYSE: CVX) is a name that resonates with energy expertise. From upstream exploration to downstream sales, their operations span the complete energy cycle. Chevron's prowess in natural gas extraction and refining offers an indirect avenue to the helium sector. Given that helium is often extracted alongside natural gas, Chevron's extensive infrastructure could provide a significant edge in capitalizing on helium opportunities.

While oil remains their mainstay, Chevron's vast natural gas operations open the doors to the world of helium. Their geoscientists, with an intricate understanding of underground reservoir dynamics, are perfectly poised to optimize helium extraction. As the demand curve for helium tilts upward, Chevron's robust infrastructure could make them a significant contributor to the global supply.

For the discerning investor, Chevron offers a blend of stability and the potential to pivot. As the helium narrative unfolds globally, Chevron's adaptability and vast resources offer a promise of both growth and resilience.

Baker Hughes Company (NASDAQ: BKR) epitomizes excellence in oilfield services. It has consistently demonstrated an ability to evolve, ensuring they stay relevant amidst changing energy landscapes. This adaptability makes them a name to watch in the helium sector.

With the technology to handle complex drilling and extraction projects, Baker Hughes is well-equipped to tap into the helium market. As helium often coexists with natural gas, their expertise in the latter could seamlessly translate to a focus on the former. Their reputation for harnessing technology to maximize extraction efficiency might just make them a dark horse in the helium race.

For investors, Baker Hughes offers the allure of potential. Their technological prowess combined with a history of adapting to market needs suggests they could be a significant player in addressing the growing helium demand. The company's capacity for innovation and strategic moves make it a compelling consideration for future-forward portfolios.

Schlumberger Limited (NYSE: SLB) dominates the oilfield services landscape with its unparalleled technical expertise and global outreach. Schlumberger’s vast experience in the energy sector, especially in natural gas exploration, offers potential synergies with the helium market. As helium becomes more central to industries ranging from healthcare to space exploration, Schlumberger’s capabilities could be harnessed to optimize its extraction and processing.

Investors should keep a close watch on Schlumberger’s strategic moves, especially as the company is known for leveraging opportunities in emerging markets. With helium’s significance set to grow, Schlumberger offers an investment avenue with both stability and growth potential.

Suncor Energy Inc. (TSX: SU) is a titan in the Canadian energy industry, with a significant focus on oil sands production. Its integrated approach, along with a commitment to sustainability, sets them apart. As the global emphasis shifts to resources like helium, Suncor's comprehensive infrastructure might just be its ace card.

Being heavily involved in natural gas, Suncor is no stranger to the intricacies of gas extraction and processing. As the helium narrative gains traction, Suncor's experience in gas operations positions them as a potential leader in this niche market. Their commitment to research and sustainable operations can be a crucial advantage in harnessing helium responsibly.

Investors scouting for opportunities in emerging resource markets should keep a keen eye on Suncor. Their established infrastructure, combined with a forward-thinking approach, can make them a formidable force in the helium sector. With a track record of resilience and growth, Suncor promises potential returns for the long haul.

Imperial Oil Limited (TSX: IMO) holds a commanding position in Canada's integrated oil landscape. Their expertise doesn't just lie in oil but extends to a wide range of energy solutions, including natural gas.

As helium often coexists with natural gas deposits, Imperial Oil's expansive operations in the gas sector hint at potential intersections with the helium market. As helium's global significance grows, companies with extensive natural gas experience could pivot to meet this demand.

Investors should be keenly observant of Imperial Oil's strategic ventures, as their technical know-how combined with market responsiveness could lead to valuable returns in the helium sector.

Canadian Natural Resources Limited (TSX: CNQ) is recognized for its comprehensive approach to oil and gas exploration and production. Their diversified asset base, spanning from oil sands to natural gas, positions them favorably in the broader energy landscape.

Given the association between natural gas deposits and helium, CNQ’s operational expertise might make it a dark horse in the helium race. As industries increasingly rely on helium for diverse applications, CNQ's infrastructure and capabilities could be strategically channeled towards this growing demand. Investors eyeing the evolving helium market should closely monitor CNQ's developments, as their vast resource base and adaptability could spell significant growth opportunities.

By. Michael Kern

Mining Old Sites Can be a Shortcut to More Copper for the Energy Transition

Fri, 06 Oct 2023 14:15:48 GMT

Companies scrambling to increase supplies of critical materials are finding some luck in reopening sites

By Yusuf Khan and Mari Novik

Oct. 3, 2023 3:00 am ET | WSJ PRO

Billions of dollars are being poured into new mining projects across the globe as the energy transition drives a wave of exploration, but getting those new sites open is proving to be a challenge . In the U.S. and beyond, some are jumping ahead by targeting a new but also old source—closed mines, also known as brownfield sites.

In recent years, governments and companies have been bolstering critical-mineral projects to meet rising demand for batteries, electric vehicles, renewables and electrification infrastructure. But opening new mines takes years—particularly when faced with strong local opposition—and delays might hamper policy makers’ efforts to diversify these supply chains. Even with recent investment announcements, analysts are forecasting supply shortfalls .

For the 127 new mines opened globally between 2002 and 2023, it took an average of 15.7 years after discovery to get to commercial production, although actual figures ranged from six to 32 years, according to S&P Global Market Intelligence. While reopening closed mines can still be a challenge, in some cases the process can be quicker and easier because locals recall the economic benefits that doing so can bring and already have a pit just a few miles from their home.

One company aiming to do just that is Sweden-based miner Bluelake Mineral. In the mountains of northern Norway, Bluelake is seeking to reopen the Joma mine that closed 25 years ago because of low copper prices. Last month, the local municipality unanimously approved plans to reopen the copper and zinc mine.

Bluelake isn’t the only one; this trend can be seen around the globe. In the U.S., Perpetua Resources is working to launch a gold and antimony mining project in Idaho; Resolution Copper hopes to open an old site in Arizona; and MP Materials has revived a rare-earth site on the California-Nevada border. Projects have also been planned in Germany and Italy.

Bluelake’s plan to reopen the Joma site has been under way for just six years, and last month it received 11 out of 11 votes in favor of the zoning plan for the mine from Røyrvik’s local governing body—a surprising outcome even for the company. Under Norwegian law, the local approval was crucial for the reopening of the mine, Bluelake said. The mine is expected to operate for at least the next 20 years, according to the company.

Peter Hjorth, CEO of Bluelake, said one of the main reasons why his and many other brownfield mining projects are getting the green light is because they avoid damaging new land and work with local communities that have a memory of economic activity the industry can bring.

“The challenge [for us] has been permitting and also getting a social license for the project,” Hjorth said. As a brownfield project, Joma has an advantage because waste from the new mine, known as tailings, is going to be stored underground in used tunnels left from previous mining, avoiding the large dams involved in some notable disasters, he said.

Local memory of the former mine was also an important reason why the municipality chose to green light the copper mine, according to residents. “Røyrvik has a valued tradition of mining in the old times,” said Hans Oskar Devik, the leader of the local government. “The municipality’s population has been decreasing over a number of years and there are fewer and fewer jobs. It’s important to get a turnaround: New jobs, new people and their families.”

While the 426 people living in Røyrvik seem to support reopening the Joma mine, the wider region is home to the more nomadic Sami community who have concerns. “We are being pressed into a corner,” said Maahke Joma, chief of the Sami reindeer herders in Røyrvik. Joma—who shares his name with the mine—said that reopening it would shrink the reindeers’ calving area and could mean moving the herd elsewhere or culling the flock because their grazing lands are being reduced in size to accommodate the mine.

Joma said the voice of the Sami community wasn’t being heard during these talks and feared its culture was being ignored. “We are the losers in the big push towards a greener future,” he said.

Despite the challenges, brownfield mining is also being seen as a way to help ensure mineral security in the U.S., especially in areas such as defense and energy. Perpetua Resources plans to reopen a former gold rush mine in central Idaho, about a five-hour drive from Boise.

The company said it has had a lot of local buy-in partly because its plans also include cleaning up tailings waste from more than half a century ago that are leaching chemicals, such as arsenic, into the local river. Permitting has been a challenge because of this issue, the company said, but it recently received funding from the Defense Department, recognizing its importance as an American source of antimony, a mineral used widely in the defense industry.

“The shift we are seeing in the United States is a growing recognition that we must secure supply chains and a way to do that is bringing mining home and that means getting the public comfortable to bring mining home,” said McKinsey Lyon, VP of external affairs at Perpetua.

However, even with a potentially quicker permitting process, opening a brownfield mine remains costly. “The advantage of a brownfield is having a known site with a known ore body,” said James Litinsky, CEO of MP Materials. But he cautioned that they still remain “very capital intensive and difficult to operate.”

When MP bought its brownfield site in 2017, it had a mining permit but was in a state of disrepair, with the pit itself flooded. The previous owner of the site had invested $1.7 billion to reopen it but had gone bankrupt in 2015. MP then bought the mine and other assets two years later.

Litinsky invested $2 million initially to maintain the site’s mining permit while he drew up a plan and developed a business model. MP even presold material to generate cash for the years of work needed to make the site operational. “For the first couple of years, we were on the verge of bankruptcy every day,” Litinsky said. He estimates that more than $2 billion in total was invested to reopen the site.

Having mined over 10,000 metric tons of rare earth oxide last quarter, MP is also investing in refining facilities, to become the first in the U.S. Most rare-earth refining takes place in China, with only a handful of other sites currently operational globally.

Reopening brownfield mines is one way to more quickly expand and diversify global supplies of critical materials. Using land that has already been mined avoids destruction of a totally new area, according to Jeremy Richardson, research scientist and policy analyst at the Rocky Mountain Institute, a consulting firm that focuses on sustainability research.

Richardson agrees that a local memory of mining often makes it easier for companies to engage with the community but cautions early engagement is critical. “There are a lot of former industrial communities that are interested in [reopening] former sites…[but] it needs to be done in a responsible way,” he said.

Write to Yusuf Khan at yusuf.khan@wsj.com

Appeared in the October 5, 2023, print edition as 'Mining Old Sites Can Bring More Copper for Energy Transition'.

VVC Welcomes Steve Looper to its Board of Directors

Tue, 03 Oct 2023 12:07:14 GMT

TORONTO, ONTARIO – October 03, 2023 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC" or the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQB:VVCVF) is pleased to announce the addition of Mr. Steve Looper to its Board of Directors. Mr. Looper brings a wealth of experience and expertise to the Company's leadership team, with an impressive track record in the oil and gas industry and a commitment to sustainable and innovative energy solutions.

Terrence Martell, Chairman at VVC, expressed his enthusiasm for this new appointment, stating, "We are thrilled to welcome Steve Looper to VVC's Board of Directors. His extensive experience in the energy sector and his proven ability to drive profitable ventures make him an invaluable addition to our team."

Steve Looper has a distinguished career in the oil and gas sector, spanning over four decades. He began his journey as an independent oil and gas producer in 1982 and has since demonstrated his capabilities in drilling and operating wells across various states, including Colorado, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wyoming. His extensive project management experience has taken him to international arenas, where he successfully led initiatives in Botswana, Canada, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.

Since 1993, Mr. Looper has been deeply involved in the development of large resource plays in West Texas. His most recent focus has been on the Barnett Shale trend, where he achieved remarkable success for his capital providers, delivering rates of return exceeding 100%. Mr. Looper's strategic acumen and dedication to value creation make him an invaluable addition to the VVC Board of Directors.

Currently serving as CEO at Proton Green, Mr. Looper continues to drive innovation and sustainability in the energy industry. His leadership at Proton Green exemplifies his commitment to fostering environmentally responsible energy solutions.

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

Why VCs are suddenly flocking to mining deals

Wed, 27 Sep 2023 15:00:00 GMT

By Rosie Bradbury | August 29, 2023

Mining is a quintessential legacy industry, controlled by a small cohort of entrenched, highly emitting companies like Rio Tinto and BHP . Fledgling companies have struggled to overcome the high costs required to disrupt traditional extractive technologies.

It's no wonder that venture investors have historically steered clear of the industry.

But, enticed by new innovations, VCs are recognizing the widely acknowledged need for more critical minerals to power the energy transition, from the lithium in electric vehicle batteries to the copper needed to upgrade the electric grid.

The International Energy Agency estimates that the global economy will require six times more mineral inputs in 2040 than today in order to reach the global goal of net zero by 2050.

Earlier this month, TechMet , an investment vehicle for lithium, nickel and other rare metals, raised $200 million in fresh equity from investors including S2G Ventures and Lansdowne Partners, nearly bringing it to unicorn status.

Bill Gates' Breakthrough Energy Ventures has backed KoBold Metals , which uses machine learning to more efficiently identify deposits of rare-earth metals. KoBold raised $195 million in June at a $1 billion valuation.

VC investment in mining is still in its early innings. Buzz among VC partners still far outpaces checks being signed, according to Aidan Madigan-Curtis, partner at Eclipse Ventures .

Dealmaking in 2023 is exceeding last year—a significant indicator given the cooled fundraising environment. So far this year, mining companies have brought in more than $550 million in VC funding, compared to the $508 million that the industry raised in the first three quarters of last year.

Limiting environmental costs

The mining industry has a notoriously poor track record for environmental damage, and investors need to be cognizant of the risks involved in critical minerals mining, said Caroline Avan, a researcher at the Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, a nonprofit that tracks the impact of critical minerals mining. The center has recorded 21 allegations of human rights abuses by lithium mining companies.

Scenarios which predict exploding demand for critical minerals "can be self-fulfilling prophecies," Avan said, so investors should also source solutions that reduce demand, as well as ones that extend supply through further extraction.

For example, battery recycling specialist Redwood Materials is one of the most well-funded climate-tech startups on the private market. On Tuesday, it closed an equity round of over $1 billion led by Goldman Sachs Asset Management , Capricorn 's Technology Impact Fund, and funds and accounts advised by T. Rowe Price .

"The question is not how do we reshore in a copy-and-paste way but how do we [do so] in the US in a way that works for our regulatory environment, for health and human safety," said Madigan-Curtis. Regulation around critical minerals mining still has some catching up to do to rapidly scaling startups, so investors should still be prepared for changes to the regulatory landscape.

Securing resources

The other piece of the puzzle, which is elevating the VC hype, is that critical minerals mining is now more widely recognized as a national security issue.

China dominates the supply chain for lithium, and nations increasingly view access to critical minerals as a top national security priority. Last year, the US government's development bank invested $30 million in TechMet and expects to invest a further $80 million this year.

Aether , a startup developing technology that requires less extractive techniques for mining lithium on US soil, recently announced a $49 million Series A led by Natural Capital and Unless .

"The critical minerals are all about bifurcation with China," said Katie Rae, managing partner at The Engine , a venture firm launched from MIT that invests in early-stage startups. "There's vulnerability if you don't control the supply chain, period, end of story. That's why it is a big deal," Rae added.

Is Planet Earth Running Out Of Helium?

Fri, 22 Sep 2023 15:00:00 GMT

It's frankly a bit of a let-down.

ELEANOR HIGGS | IFLScience

A part from being a children's favorite for making your voice squeaky at the end of a birthday party, helium has lots of surprising and very unusual qualities and applications in the world. Despite being the second most abundant element in the universe, helium is actually pretty rare on Earth and it’s only getting more so. But are we really running out?

Helium is produced by the natural decay of radioactive uranium and thorium, but this process takes billions of years. Helium is currently collected from pockets of underground natural gas, as a by-product of the natural gas extraction process.

However, because helium is so light, any escaped gas – either from the containers or from the process itself – is eventually floated to the edge of our atmosphere where it is blown away from Earth by solar winds. This is why helium is often described as the only true nonrenewable resource, according to the American Chemistry Society . So long, helium.

"It takes many, many millennia to make the helium that's here on the Earth," Sophia Hayes, a chemist at Washington University in St. Louis, told NPR . "It's the one element out of the entire periodic table that escapes the Earth and goes out into outer space."

Helium is useful because it stays incredibly cold – it has the lowest boiling point of any element at -268.9°C (-452°F). This property makes it especially good for things like cooling the superconducting magnets found in MRI machines, and even powering space rockets. The Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland needs around 120 metric tons of helium per week to keep it running, according to Bloomberg .

“Helium is a nonrenewable resource. NASA and SpaceX need helium for liquid fuel rockets. The MRI industry needs helium. The pharmaceutical industry is reliant on helium. And so is the Department of Defense,” Bill Halperin, a professor of physics at Northwestern University, told NBC News .

The Federal Helium Reserve in the USA, established in the 1920s for blimps , has supplied around 40 percent of the world’s helium, but the future of this plant is uncertain. The reserve was supposed to have been for sale for the last few years but numerous delays have occurred. Now, though, it looks like the supply could finally be sold to private industry in the next several months, with an unknown impact on the helium supply chain.

Only a small handful of other countries have significant sources of helium, including Qatar, Tanzania, and Algeria. Russia was also supposed to open a new helium factory, but a fire and the war in Ukraine has made the plans uncertain.

Estimates vary as to just how much helium the world has left and how long it will last. In 2019, David Cole-Hamilton, emeritus professor of chemistry at the University of St Andrews, told the Independent that he estimated that the world had around 10 years left of helium unless more effort was put into recycling. Others suggest between 100 and 200 years of helium usage could be a best estimate.

Regardless of the estimates, the knock-on effects to industry could be huge, not to mention the constant volatile nature of helium prices.

All “explainer” articles are confirmed by fact checkers to be correct at time of publishing. Text, images, and links may be edited, removed, or added to at a later date to keep information current.

US Department of Energy Recognizes Copper as a Critical Mineral for Clean Energy Technologies

Wed, 20 Sep 2023 19:27:49 GMT

by Sarah Vega - Content Writer, The Assay

The US Department of Energy (DOE) has officially added copper to its critical materials list, marking the first time a US government agency has included copper on one of its official “critical” lists.

The European Union, India, Japan, Canada, and China have already taken similar steps.

The DOE released the 2023 Critical Materials Assessment , which evaluates materials for their importance to global clean energy technology supply chains, focusing on key materials that have a high risk of supply disruption and are integral to clean energy technologies.

Based on the results of the assessment, DOE has identified the 2023 DOE Critical Materials List of energy-specific materials that are critical (or nearly critical) up to 2035. The list will also help determine eligibility for tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act 48C.

The critical materials currently listed include aluminum, cobalt, dysprosium, electrical steel, fluorine, gallium, iridium, lithium, magnesium, natural graphite, neodymium, nickel, platinum, praseodymium, terbium, silicon, silicon carbide, and now copper.

Alejandro Moreno, acting assistant secretary for the DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, said in a statement, “As our nation continues the transition to a clean energy economy, it is our responsibility to anticipate critical material supply chains needed to manufacture our most promising clean energy generation, transmission, storage, and end-use technologies; including solar panels, wind turbines, power electronics, lighting, and electric vehicles.”

Moreno added that detecting and modifying material criticality now was crucial.

“The Copper Development Association (CDA) congratulates the DOE on its thoughtful, forward-thinking analysis that resulted in copper’s inclusion on the Critical Materials list,” commented CEO of the CDA Andrew Kireta Jr., in a separate statement.

“Copper is a major contributor to US economic and national security. With copper demand projections doubling by 2035, primarily due to plans for the clean energy transition, electrification, and clean water infrastructure, the nation would be defenseless without electricity and copper’s vital role in its generation, transmission, and distribution.”

The CDA noted that inclusion on the critical materials list reflects the certainty that copper demand projections will require a boost in domestic production.

Scientists Develop Breakthrough Carbon Capture Batteries

Thu, 14 Sep 2023 14:50:40 GMT

By Sasha Ranevska | August 23, 2023

A breakthrough platform for carbon capture batteries is revolutionizing battery technology by offering innovative and affordable batteries that can also trap harmful emissions.

This novel mechanism, developed through a collaboration between the University of Surrey , Imperial College London , and Peking University , accelerates the creation of catalysts for lithium-CO2 (Li-CO2) batteries.

At present, the methods utilized in the production of catalysts for Li-CO2 batteries are slow and ineffective, impeding their feasibility in the market. This shared project intends to surpass these obstacles and establish a path towards manufacturing batteries that are both efficient and economical, serving the dual purpose of storing energy and capturing carbon dioxide emissions.

Dr. Kai Yang, one of the authors of this research, co-leader of the project, and also a lecturer at the Advanced Technology Institute of the University of Surrey, explained that the research team has developed a state-of-the-art electrochemical testing platform in the form of a lab-on-a-chip.

The platform is capable of performing multiple tasks simultaneously. It aids in the evaluation of electrocatalysts, the optimization of operational conditions, and the examination of CO2 conversion in lithium-CO2 batteries with high performance. This novel approach is more budget-friendly, efficient, and manageable compared to conventional methods for producing these materials.

During the study, the research team used the newly developed tool to assess the suitability of various substances, including platinum, gold, silver, copper, iron, and nickel, for the development of high-performance Li-CO2 batteries.

According to Dr. Yunlong Zhao, the primary author of this research, a senior lecturer at Imperial College London, the National Physical Laboratory, and a visiting scholar from the University of Surrey, this novel instrument will allow for rapid evaluation of catalysts, analysis of reaction mechanisms, and implementation in various fields, ranging from nanoscience to advanced carbon removal technologies.

VVC – Extension of Series AG Warrants

Tue, 12 Sep 2023 12:12:32 GMT

TORONTO, ONTARIO – September 12, 2023 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC" or the "Company") announces the extension for 1 year of certain out-of-the-money share purchase warrants (“warrants”) expiring on September 30, 2023, subject to the TSX Venture Exchange (“TSXV”) approval.

The Company has therefore applied to the TSXV to extend 58,723,900 Series AG warrants until September 30, 2024. The warrants, exercisable at $0.075 per share, were issued pursuant to a Private Placement which closed on September 28, 2020, and was approved by the TSXV on October 1, 2020.

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

Proton Green - A Strategic Investment of VVC - Announces First Helium Sales

Thu, 07 Sep 2023 20:11:17 GMT

TORONTO, ONTARIO – September 07, 2023 – Proton Green LLC, a strategic investment of VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC" or the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQB:VVCVF) recently announced its first helium sales . The helium was produced at PG’s Phase I Helium Extraction Plant located at St. Johns Field in Arizona. VVC owns approximately 11.9% of Proton Green.

The Phase I Helium Extraction Plant, situated on the expansive 170,500-acre St. Johns Field asset in Apache County, Arizona, initiated production operations in July 2023. This region is renowned for hosting one of the largest helium and carbon dioxide reservoirs in North America, boasting an estimated 33 billion cubic feet of helium and a staggering 517 million tons of CO2 in accessible reservoirs (see PG Corporate Profile on their website ). Those estimates were extracted from an Evaluation Report prepared by William M. Cobb & Associates, Inc., revised May 6, 2022.

"We are exceptionally proud of our team's hard work to reach Phase I production capacity over the last several weeks, as standard ramp and risk management procedures were executed," said Steve Looper, Chief Executive Officer of Proton Green. "Shortly after beginning helium production, we executed our first sale to one of our fixed-price offtake customers, marking the first commercialization milestone for Proton Green. As we scale production several-fold in the coming quarters, we have a clear line of sight to becoming among the largest Helium producers in North America.

"We are now analyzing our production from Phase I to help optimize the completion of our Phase II infrastructure, for which we expect to begin construction in the coming months. We look forward to continued operational execution in the months ahead as we strive to deliver sustainable, long-term value to our shareholders," concluded Looper.

Jim Culver, CEO of VVC, expressed his excitement about this pivotal moment in Proton Green's journey. "Proton Green's achievement is a testament to the vision and dedication of their team, and it aligns perfectly with VVC's investment philosophy. This milestone reinforces Proton Green's future potential and their ability to deliver value to their shareholders, including VVC."

Read the full release from Proton Green here

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

About Proton Green, LLC

Proton Green LLC (OTC: CYRB) is a leading operator of one of the largest Helium and beverage grade CO2 hubs in North America. The Company maintains exclusive production rights to St. Johns Field, a 170,500 acre property in Arizona with a 33 billion cubic feet helium reservoir, 517 million ton CO2 reservoir and a basin with the potential to store 1 billion metric tons of CO2. The Company is currently one of the leading producers of Helium in North America – a high-demand gas in both consumer and critical technology applications – leveraging strategic offtake partners with fixed-price agreements to drive a predictable revenue stream. Notably, both Helium and CO2 produced at St. John’s Field contain no hydrocarbon component. To learn more, please visit our website at https://www.protongreen.com/ .

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS:

This press release contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as: "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "goal," "seek," "believe," "project," "estimate," "expect," "strategy," "future," "likely," "may," "should," "will" and similar references to future periods. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based only on our current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the future of our business, future plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of our control. Our actual results and financial condition may differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: our limited operating history; our dependence on third parties for many aspects of our business; general market and economic conditions; technical factors; the availability of outside capital; our receipt of revenues; legislative developments; changes in our expenditures and other uses of cash; our ability to find, recruit and retain personnel in sufficient numbers to support our growth; our ability to manage growth; and general market, economic and business conditions. Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated by our forward-looking statements are under the captions "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our most recent Registration Statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Any forward-looking statement made in this press release is based only on information currently available to the Company and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

VVC’s Annual General Meeting of Shareholders

Fri, 01 Sep 2023 12:03:47 GMT

TORONTO, ONTARIO – September 1, 2023 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC" or the "Company") announces our Annual General Meeting will be held on November 16, 2023.

The Annual General Meeting of shareholders (the "AGM") will be held virtually on Thursday, November 16, 2023, at 2:00 pm (ET), with a Record Date of October 2, 2023. Following the mailing of Proxy Material to shareholders around October 11, shareholders will be able to download the Proxy Material, including the Information Circular Booklet, from www.sedarplus.ca and/or from the Company’s website.

This year's AGM will be a virtual meeting, with no In-Person voting, and all voting by Proxy. The deadline for Proxy Voting will be 2:00 pm (ET) on Tuesday, November 14, 2023, however shareholders are encouraged to vote early.

Registration will be required to attend the virtual AGM, either as a shareholder or a guest with instructions on the website at: www.vvcresources.com/shareholders-meeting and in the Information Circular. Following the formal business session, management will update the Company’s activities and projects, and will be available to answer questions from shareholders, subject to Securities Laws regarding "Selective Disclosure".

"We look forward to meeting our shareholders at the AGM," said Terry Martell, Chairman of VVC. "We will be providing a much-needed update on our projects and investments."

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

and/or from the Company’s website. www.sedarplus.caand/or from the Company’s website.

The Importance of Helium Coolant in Nuclear Reactors

Thu, 31 Aug 2023 16:07:39 GMT

Due to its unique properties, helium coolant in nuclear reactors will be essential in fuelling the green energy transition.

Critical Raw Materials | 26th July 2023

Nuclear reactors, whether used for research or power production, are complex systems that require careful management of heat and radiation. In this intricate process, helium gas plays an indispensable role.

Characterized by its unique physical and chemical properties, such as low neutron absorption and high thermal conductivity, helium has been proven to significantly enhance the performance of nuclear reactors when utilized as a coolant.

The use of helium coolant in nuclear reactors not only aids in efficient heat transfer but also bolsters the safety measures in place within these high-energy environments.

However, while the benefits of using helium coolant in nuclear reactors have been well-established, there remain challenges related to its supply and utilization within the industry.

Addressing these issues is crucial for maintaining operational efficiency and ensuring long-term sustainability in energy production.

This article aims to delve into the science behind helium’s application in nuclear reactors – including its role as a coolant, its contribution towards safety measures, and how it can be harnessed more effectively in future applications.

Understanding the importance of reactor coolants

In the complex ecosystem of nuclear reactors, coolants such as helium play a pivotal role in maintaining optimal temperatures, ensuring safety and efficiency in energy production.

Their function is critical to facilitating heat transfer mechanisms from the reactor core to the steam generators.

With its high thermal conductivity and low boiling point, helium fulfills this role effectively by absorbing excess heat produced during nuclear fission reactions.

The choice of helium coolant is driven by several selection criteria, including its ability to withstand high temperatures without decomposing or reacting with other elements within the reactor.

The significance of pressure regulation cannot be understated in this context either. In a closed-loop system like a nuclear power plant, pressure contributes significantly to overall reactor efficiency.

Helium’s low density allows it to exhibit superior performance under high pressures and temperatures, unlike heavier gases that might suffer molecular breakdown under similar conditions.

This attribute not only bolsters helium’s position as an effective coolant but also enhances its compatibility with various types of reactor designs.

A comprehensive understanding of these factors underscores why helium is often chosen as a coolant in many modern nuclear applications – particularly gas-cooled reactors, where its integrity and stability at elevated temperatures are highly beneficial.

Its impressive thermal conductivity properties facilitate efficient energy conversion processes through robust heat transfer mechanisms.

As scientists continue exploring innovative ways to optimize nuclear technology for energy generation, it becomes increasingly apparent that helium coolant in nuclear reactors will remain indispensable.

Unique properties of helium

As a noble gas, this element possesses properties that underscore the adage ‘not all that glitters is gold,’ illustrating its crucial yet understated significance in energy production systems.

Helium has many distinct characteristics contributing to its wide range of applications in various fields, including nuclear technology.

It boasts a high level of stability due to its full electron shell configuration, making it unreactive under normal conditions, and thus an ideal candidate for use in sensitive environments where chemical reactions could pose significant risks.

Moreover, the behavior of helium at different temperatures and pressures contributes to its versatility.

The abundance of helium on Earth further reinforces its practicality for industrial usage; it is found both in natural gas reserves and as a byproduct of radioactive decay within the Earth’s crust.

Its low boiling point makes it useful for cryogenic applications such as cooling superconducting magnets in MRI scanners or maintaining extremely low temperatures in particle physics experiments.

The thermal conductivity of helium is also higher than any other gas, which signifies efficient heat transfer – an important feature when dealing with reactors or turbines.

These combined attributes make helium an essential component in nuclear reactors, particularly as a coolant.

The effectiveness lies in the ability to absorb large amounts of heat and its inert nature, preventing unwanted chemical reactions during operation.

Thus, despite being less conspicuous compared to heavier elements like uranium or plutonium used directly as fuel, helium’s role should not be underestimated given its properties contributing significantly toward safe and efficient energy production systems.

Use in heat transfer and cooling

Utilizing its high thermal conductivity and low boiling point, this helium is an efficient coolant in various technological applications, providing optimal temperature regulation in sensitive devices like superconducting magnets and particle accelerators.

In the context of nuclear reactors, helium’s effectiveness as a coolant is unparalleled due to its unique physical properties. Its role in maintaining reactor temperature is crucial for preventing overheating and subsequent potential damage to reactor components.

Helium’s contribution to overall reactor efficiency can be further broken down into two primary areas: Heat Transfer and cooling.

Helium facilitates heat transfer from the core of the reactor to other parts. This assists in the control of temperature within a nuclear power plant, thereby enhancing safety measures.

Applications of helium in heat transfer include both fission-based nuclear power plants and experimental fusion devices. Owing to its inert nature, helium does not interact with materials within these systems hence reducing corrosion risks.

The advantages of using helium for cooling purposes are manifold. Firstly, it has a large specific heat capacity, allowing it to absorb significant amounts of heat without undergoing substantial temperature changes.

Secondly, being chemically inert and non-radioactive makes helium coolant in nuclear reactors a reliable and efficient method that does not pose any contamination risk.

The application of helium goes beyond just acting as an effective coolant; it also plays an integral part in ensuring operational stability within nuclear reactors.

Ensuring reactor safety and efficiency

Helium’s low neutron absorption cross-section, chemical inertness, and high boiling point make it ideal for maintaining optimal operational conditions within reactors while conforming to stringent regulatory standards.

Managing waste products from nuclear reaction processes is another area where helium’s properties play a pivotal role.

Helium does not become radioactive upon exposure to neutron radiation, unlike other possible coolant candidates such as water or carbon dioxide.

This attribute minimizes the generation of secondary radioactive waste materials during operation, which simplifies waste management protocols and reduces potential hazards associated with storage and disposal processes.

Maintenance procedures within nuclear facilities also benefit from helium’s attributes. Its non-corrosive nature lessens the wear on reactor components, prolonging their service life and reducing downtime for repairs.

Moreover, using helium as a cooling medium during emergency response scenarios can prevent catastrophic overheating situations thanks to its excellent thermal conductivity.

Hence, incorporating helium into reactor systems markedly enhances safety measures whilst improving overall performance efficiency without compromising adherence to regulatory norms or posing significant challenges in waste management or system maintenance.

Future prospects for sustainable energy production

In sustainable energy production, exploring advanced technological methods and alternative resources is imperative for future development.

Helium plays a pivotal role in hydrogen fusion – an innovative approach towards renewable energy that could meet global energy demand with minimal environmental impact.

Moreover, the employment of helium coolant in nuclear reactors could facilitate the transition from fossil fuels to more sustainable sources of energy.

Given its abundance and non-toxic nature, helium presents less risk than other coolant alternatives, such as sodium or lead.

Its superior heat transfer capability enhances reactor performance and safety while reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with conventional nuclear power plants.

Helium’s contribution to achieving higher efficiency rates strengthens its position as a cornerstone for modernized and environmentally responsible nuclear power generation.

Shifting towards advanced technological solutions powered by helium can significantly reshape the landscape of global energy production, paving the way for sustainable growth without compromising on meeting escalating worldwide energy demands.

How Carbon Capture Is Getting New Life With US Help

Thu, 24 Aug 2023 17:09:53 GMT

Analysis by Eric Roston and Leslie Kaufman | Bloomberg

August 14, 2023 at 10:33 a.m. EDT

The world’s top climate scientists have been alarmingly clear. If we’re to avoid the most calamitous consequences of warming our planet, they’ve said, we must radically cut greenhouse gas emissions and get as good at taking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere as we’ve been at putting it in. Even if solar panels and wind turbines sprout like mushrooms, reaching “net zero” will require capturing large amounts of emissions from activities that are hard to decarbonize, like making cement. Holding temperatures down will also require vacuuming huge amounts of carbon out of the air. Today, projects devoted to these tasks are too insignificant to come close to reaching these goals. The US is now leading a global push to change that.

1. How much more carbon capture is needed?

According to an assessment of carbon-removal efforts globally published in January, currently about two billion metric tons of carbon dioxide are being removed a year. The vast majority of that is achieved through land management – mainly planting trees. The researchers behind the report, led by the University of Oxford’s Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, concluded that to keep temperatures from rising 2 degrees Celsius above mid-19th century levels by 2050 would require a gigantic step up of that effort. Twice as much carbon would need to be removed by that year on an annual basis using trees and soils, they said, and roughly 1,300 times as much would have to be sucked up using new technologies.

2. Why wouldn’t planting a gazillion more trees get us further?

Everyone likes the idea of planting more trees to pull carbon from the air through photosynthesis. But there’s a limit to this solution. Researchers in 2017 estimated that reforestation and other such “natural climate solutions” could produce 37% of the cuts needed by 2030 to put the world on track to meet the goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement. But that much tree-planting would likely require high-quality land three times the size of India. And meanwhile, global warming has made it even more difficult to protect the forests we already have, in the Amazon and elsewhere. Higher temperatures dry out vegetation, leaving them combustible. Among the countries recently affected by wildfires are Greece, Portugal, Canada and the US. The number of fires and area of burned forest doubled in the western US between the 1980s and 2010s. What’s more, trees need decades to start pulling down CO₂ at the needed scale — time the world doesn’t have to zero-out emissions.

3. What are the other main options?

There are two main methods, known as carbon capture and storage (CCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Capture-and-storage has gotten most of the attention so far, largely because it’s been promoted by the fossil fuel industry as the thing that will solve its emissions problems. If you remember hearing the phrase “clean coal,” it was likely a reference to a CCS plant – or, more likely, an idea of one rather than something that actually existed.

4. How does CCS work?

Think of a vacuum cleaner set on top of a smokestack. CCS involves collecting CO₂ as it’s being emitted by a big source of pollution – by generators burning fossil fuel to make electricity or by factories or other industrial facilities – then sending it for use elsewhere or for storage deep underground. The technology dates to the 1970s, when oil companies in the US realized that pushing CO₂ into aging oil wells would allow them to squeeze out a bit of extra oil. They discovered that the carbon remained trapped in the surrounding rock. Then in the 1990s, as climate became more of a public concern, Norwegian oil giant Equinor ASA began sinking CO₂ in saline reservoirs so it could avoid paying a carbon tax. Ever since, CCS has been discussed as a way to limit the damage caused by fossil fuels without having to abandon them.

5. What’s the challenge for CCS?

The cost. Since 2010, dozens of projects have been shelved because the technology was too expensive. After nearly 50 years of commercial use, there are only about 40 large-scale facilities that have CCS; altogether, they capture roughly 45 million tons of carbon annually, or about 0.1% of global emissions. CCS is also opposed by many climate activists. They say energy companies are using the prospect of CCS to slow the transition to an all-renewables economy. The group Friends of the Earth called the UK government’s support for two CCS projects “an attempt to put a green gloss” on a plan to grant hundreds of new licenses for oil and gas production in the North Sea.

6. What’s the case for CCS?

Some stark climate math. Since some crucial industries such as steel and cement production rely on carbon-based chemical processes or temperatures that are hard to reach except by burning carbon, climate scientists and many governments, businesses and investors have come to assume that CCS will be an inevitable part of getting to zero.

7. What is direct air capture?

If CCS is a vacuum cleaner on a smokestack, DAC is one set out in the open air. Cleaning up carbon this way is a much harder task: While nearly one-fifth of the gas going up a coal-burning plant’s smokestack is carbon dioxide, the atmosphere is only about 0.04% carbon. Research labs and startups are developing competing DAC methods using a variety of chemical reactions. (One of carbon’s notable characteristics is the ease with which it binds to other materials.) In some cases, the product is recycled for commercial purposes into such products as industrial chemicals or plastics. In others it’s stored permanently beneath the ground, as with CCS.

8. What are the challenges for DAC?

Again, the industry is barely into infancy. Less than two dozen plants operate on a small scale. The largest, in Iceland, takes from the air and stores geologically about 4,000 tons of carbon annually. That’s an amount equal only to the annual emissions of 250 average US citizens. And right now DAC is extremely expensive.

9. What’s the US doing to advance carbon capture?

The US Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, aimed largely at promoting clean energy production domestically, increased the tax credit for CCS projects from $50 to $85 per ton of carbon. That’s a level that CCS advocates are hopeful will lead to construction of capture facilities in industries such as power, cement, steel and petrochemicals. CCS is now “positioned to play an important role in decarbonizing the US economy,” according to BloombergNEF.
The same legislation lifted DAC tax credits from $50 to $180 a ton. An infrastructure law enacted in 2021 includes $3.5 billion to support DAC projects. In early August, the Energy Department announced it had selected two projects for the first tranche of funding, up to $1.2 billion. Once operational, the projects, planned for Texas and Louisiana, are expected to remove more than 2 million metric tons of carbon dioxide a year from the atmosphere, the equivalent of taking nearly half a million gas-powered cars off the road, Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm said.

1 0. What are others doing?

The EU in late 2021 set a goal of removing 5 million tons of carbon from the atmosphere annually by 2030. It was an early backer of Swiss startup Climeworks AG, which built the Iceland plant.
In addition to supporting CCS projects, the UK government is spending 100 million pounds ($135 million) to support early-stage DAC technologies. It expects the technology will need to be scaled up in the late 2020s and early 2030s to help hit the country’s target of reaching net zero emissions by 2050.
Some companies are mobilizing on their own. Stripe, Google, JPMorgan and McKinsey and among the members of Frontier, a project that arranges the advance purchase of carbon removal credits from startup companies. The group in May pledged $53 million to Charm Industrial to remove 112,000 tons of carbon by 2030.

11. Are there other methods of carbon capture?

Yes, though none of them have yet been shown to be more practical than CCS or DAC, and some come with greater risks or unknowns.

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS): First, plants are grown that absorb carbon. Then that biomass is burned to generate power. Those emissions are captured and buried, making for a carbon-negative power system. As with reforestation, massive amounts of high-quality land would be needed.
Soil carbon sequestration: Making changes to agricultural practices, including increased use of cover crops and restoration of grasslands, could increase the amount of carbon that’s stored in the ground.
Enhanced weathering: Silicate minerals, such as basalt, absorb carbon when exposed to air. Some scientists have proposed that grinding such stones to powder and spreading it over large areas could speed that process. Crushing and spreading the stone may involve large outlays of energy, but increased crop yields could be a benefit.
Ocean fertilization: In theory, adding iron to ocean waters could promote the growth of plants that can absorb carbon and store it on the seabed. In practice, there have been worries about side effects and whether it would even work.
The International Energy Agency’s website on carbon capture, and a report on its role in reaching net zero by 2050.
A Bloomberg News article on environmentalists’ opposition to carbon capture provisions in the 2021 US infrastructure bill, and a letter from a group of scientists calling carbon capture an obstacle to a clean energy transition.
A Bloomberg News feature on the world’s largest direct air capture plant, in Iceland.

More stories like this are available on bloomberg.com

VVC Strategic Investment - Proton Green - Selected for U.S. Department of Energy Grant to Develop Southwest Regional Direct Air Capture Hub

Fri, 18 Aug 2023 12:05:50 GMT

$11.6m Grant Designed to Advance the Carbon Capture Industry In The Region

TORONTO, ONTARIO – August 18, 2023 – Proton Green LLC, a strategic investment of VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC" or the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQB:VVCVF) was chosen by the U.S. Department of Energy to lead the development of the Southwest Regional Direct Air Capture (DAC) Hub . This initiative, backed by an esteemed consortium of industry leaders, universities, and organizations, has secured a substantial $11.6 million grant that underscores the promise of a cleaner, more sustainable future. Proton Green is a wholly owned subsidiary of Cyber App Solution Corp. (OTC: CYRB). VVC owns approximately 11.9% of Cyber App Solution Corp.

The Southwest Regional DAC Hub project is an integral part of the U.S. Department of Energy's groundbreaking Regional DAC Hubs program, aimed at expediting the establishment of a wide-reaching network of large-scale DAC carbon dioxide (CO2) removal sites across the nation. This initiative aligns with VVC's commitment to invest in projects fostering innovation and sustainable solutions within the energy sector.

Proton Green, a leading operator in the helium and beverage-grade CO2 market, will play an important role in facilitating the creation of a Storage Field Development Plan in conjunction with its consortium partners. This comprehensive plan will encompass diverse planning aspects including engineering, infrastructure layout, operational intricacies, and transportation logistics. The overarching goal is to pave the way for a multi-location DAC Hub capable of capturing over 1.0 million metric tons of CO2 annually from the atmosphere. This captured CO2 will be securely sequestered within Proton Green's St. Johns Field basin and two additional locations, reflecting Proton Green's commitment to addressing carbon emissions on a significant scale.

"The Southwest Regional Direct Air Capture Hub is a pioneering endeavor that aligns perfectly with VVC’s commitment to advancing sustainable technologies," said Terry Martell, Chairman of VVC Resources. "In addition to the environmental benefits, the grant allows Proton Green to take a big step in developing its carbon capture business."

The DAC Hub will complement Proton Green's strategic vision for CO2 sequestration at its St. Johns Dome asset, which is anticipated to serve as one of the multi-site locations within the Southwest Hub. Furthermore, the Hub's development holds the promise of fostering a renewable energy surge in a region marked by aging coal plants scheduled for retirement and expansive land with existing transmission capacity. This transition presents a unique opportunity to support local communities, generate tax revenue, and pave the way for sustainable industrial growth.

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

About Proton Green, LLC

Proton Green LLC (OTC: CYRB) is a leading operator of one of the largest Helium and beverage grade CO2 hubs in North America. The Company maintains exclusive production rights to St. Johns Field, a 170,500 acre property in Arizona with a 33 billion cubic feet helium reservoir, 517 billion ton CO2 reservoir and a basin with the potential to store 1 billion metric tons of CO2. The Company is currently one of the leading producers of Helium in North America – a high-demand gas in both consumer and critical technology applications – leveraging strategic offtake partners with fixed-price agreements to drive a predictable revenue stream. Notably, both Helium and CO2 produced at St. John’s Field contain no hydrocarbon component. To learn more, please visit our website at https://www.protongreen.com/ .

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS:

This news release contains "forward‐looking information" (within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws) and "forward‐looking statements" (within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995). Such statements or information are identified with words such as "anticipate", "believe", "expect", "plan", "intend", "potential", "estimate", "propose", "project", "outlook", "foresee", “strategy”, "success" or similar words suggesting future outcomes or statements regarding an outlook. Such statements include, among others: The overarching goal is to pave the way for a multi‐location DAC Hub capable of …; This captured CO2 will be securely sequestered within …; which is anticipated to serve as one of the multi‐site locations …; holds the promise of fostering a renewable energy surge …; presents a unique opportunity to …; etc.

Such forward‐looking information or statements are based on several risks, uncertainties and assumptions which may cause actual results or other expectations to differ materially from those anticipated and which may prove to be incorrect. Assumptions have been made regarding, among other things, management's expectations regarding the sequestration of CO, the planning and completion of the Hub and associated infrastructure. Actual results could differ materially due to a number of factors, without limitation, operational risks in the completion of the project, delays or changes in plans with respect to the development of the project, dependence on third parties for many aspects of the business; general market and economic conditions; technical factors; risks in legislative changes in the applicable jurisdictions, the ability to attract key personnel. No assurances can be given that the efforts by Proton Green will be successful.

Biden-Harris Administration Announces Up To $1.2 Billion For Nation’s First Direct Air Capture Demonstrations in Texas and Louisiana

Fri, 11 Aug 2023 14:46:14 GMT

President Biden’s Investing in America Agenda Will Fund Projects to Kickstart Critical New Industry, Remove Historic Climate-Harming Carbon Emissions Out of the Air, and Create 4,800 Good-Paying Jobs

By Energy.gov | AUGUST 11, 2023

WASHINGTON, D.C. — As part of President Biden’s Investing in America agenda , the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced up to $1.2 billion to advance the development of two commercial-scale direct air capture facilities in Texas and Louisiana. These projects—the first of this scale in the United States—represent the initial selections from the President’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law-funded Regional Direct Air Capture (DAC) Hubs program, which aims to kickstart a nationwide network of large-scale carbon removal sites to address legacy carbon dioxide pollution and complement rapid emissions reductions. These emissions are already in the atmosphere, fueling climate change and extreme weather and jeopardizing public health and ecosystems across the globe. The Hubs are expected to ensure meaningful community and labor engagement and contribute to the President’s Justice40 Initiative . Together, these projects are expected to remove more than 2 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions each year from the atmosphere—an amount equivalent to the annual emissions from roughly 445,00 gasoline-powered cars—and create 4,800 good-paying jobs in Texas and Louisiana.

Today’s announcement will be the world’s largest investment in engineered carbon removal in history and each Hub will eventually remove more than 250 times more carbon dioxide than the largest DAC facility currently operating. Their development will help inform future public and private sector investments and jumpstart a new industry critical to addressing the climate crisis on a global scale—highlighting how Bidenomics is driving a manufacturing boom that is delivering new economic opportunities, positioning America to be a global leader in the industries of the future, and accelerating efforts to meet the President’s goal of a net-zero economy by 2050.

“Cutting back on our carbon emissions alone won’t reverse the growing impacts of climate change; we also need to remove the CO2 that we’ve already put in the atmosphere—which nearly every climate model makes clear is essential to achieving a net-zero global economy by 2050,” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm . “With this once-in-a-generation investment made possible by President Biden’s Investing in America agenda, DOE is laying the foundation for a direct air capture industry crucial to tackling climate change—transforming local economies and delivering healthier communities along the way.”

DAC is a process that separates CO2 from the air, helping to reduce legacy CO2 in the atmosphere. The separated CO2 can then be safely and permanently stored deep underground or converted into useful carbon-containing products like concrete that prevent its release back into the atmosphere. Widespread deployment of DAC and other innovative technologies that capture emissions are key to combatting the climate crisis and reinforcing America’s global competitiveness in the zero-carbon economy of the future. DOE estimates that reaching President Biden’s ambitious plan for a net-zero emissions economy will require that between 400 million and 1.8 billion metric tons of CO2 be removed from the atmosphere and captured from emissions sources annually by 2050. The two DAC Hubs selected for award negotiations today will help further demonstrate the ability to capture and store atmospheric CO2 at scale.

Selected projects include:

Project Cypress (Calcasieu Parish, LA): Battelle, in coordination with Climeworks Corporation and Heirloom Carbon Technologies, Inc., aims to capture more than 1 million metric tons of existing CO2 from the atmosphere each year and store it permanently deep underground. This hub intends to rely on Gulf Coast Sequestration for offtake and geologic storage of captured atmospheric CO2. The project is estimated to create approximately 2,300 jobs, with a goal to hire workers formerly employed by the fossil fuel industry for 10% of the overall workforce. Project Cypress will implement a robust two-way communication program with local communities and stakeholders to solicit input into the project while also generating new employment opportunities and advancing diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility principles.

South Texas DAC Hub (Kleberg County, TX): 1PointFive, a subsidiary of Occidental, and its partners, Carbon Engineering Ltd. and Worley, seek to develop and demonstrate a DAC facility designed to remove up to 1 million metric tons of CO2 annually with an associated saline geologic CO2 storage site. The project is estimated to create approximately 2,500 jobs in construction, operations, and maintenance with existing agreements for local hiring. The selectees will also establish a Citizen Advisory Board to ensure meaningful community engagement.

DOE is dedicated to ensuring that the selected Regional DAC Hubs projects deliver community benefits and avoid harm in those communities while also advancing the development of carbon capture, transport, and storage systems. The Hubs are expected to ensure meaningful community and labor engagement and contribute to the President’s Justice40 Initiative, which set a goal that 40% of the overall benefits of certain federal investments, such as climate and clean energy, go to disadvantaged communities that have been marginalized and overburdened by pollution and underinvestment. DOE, in coordination with the selected project teams, is planning to co-host in-person community briefings to engage with local stakeholders in Texas and Louisiana in September. Learn more about the two Regional DAC Hubs projects selected for award negotiations here .

Potential Future DAC Hub Studies
To assess the viability of future DAC Hub demonstrations, DOE also announced 19 additional projects selected for award negotiations that will support earlier stages of project development, including feasibility assessments and front-end engineering and design (FEED) studies. Fourteen projects will enable early-stage efforts to explore the feasibility of a potential DAC Hub location, ownership structure, and business model. Five projects will perform FEED studies that establish and define technical requirements focused on project scope, schedule, and costs to reduce risk during later project phases. Learn more about these 19 projects selected for award negotiations here .

DOE intends to issue additional funding opportunity announcement in the coming years to fully implement the Regional DAC Hubs mandate from Congress. Selection for award negotiations is not a commitment by DOE to issue an award or provide funding. Before funding is issued, DOE and the applicants will undergo a negotiation process, and DOE may cancel negotiations and rescind the selection for any reason during that time.

Carbon Negative Shot Pilots
DOE also announced its intent to publish a series of funding opportunities for projects and prizes focused on supporting the development and commercialization of a suite of carbon dioxide removal technologies. These efforts will collectively support the Carbon Negative Shot , part of DOE's larger Energy Earthshots Initiative and the U.S. government’s first major effort to help spur innovation and position U.S. enterprises as leaders in research, manufacturing, and deployment in the carbon dioxide removal industry. The Earthshot sets a goal to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it at meaningful scales for less than $100 per net metric ton of CO2-equivalent within the decade. Read the full NOI .

The DOE Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations (OCED), in collaboration with the DOE Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM), manages the Regional DAC Hubs Program and will provide project management oversight for the DAC Hubs projects selected to demonstrate the capture, processing, delivery, and storage or end-use of captured carbon as well as community benefit plans and environmental safety.

VVC Resources Received US$5 Million

Fri, 04 Aug 2023 12:06:50 GMT

TORONTO, ONTARIO – August 4, 2023 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC" or the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQB:VVCVF) received US$5,000,000 from the sale of a small portion of its ownership in Proton Green, LLC ("Proton Green”). VVC sold approximately one-seventh of its ownership in Proton Green and remains a significant investor in Proton Green, holding over 12%.

The proceeds from the private transaction enhance VVC’s overall financial position. Management intends to accelerate its U.S. helium and natural gas programs, as well as to continue development of its copper property in Mexico.

Specifically, in the U.S., VVC will complete the eight Syracuse wells that are adjacent to its completed internal pipeline. VVC will also test two promising helium and natural gas system wells in northwest Kansas.

"We are delighted with the outcome," said Terrence Martell, Chairman of VVC. "The additional capital reinforces our financial stability and provides us with the resources required to continue development of our focus projects in helium."

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS:

This news release contains "forward‐looking information" (within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws) and "forward‐looking statements" (within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995). Such statements or information are identified with words such as "anticipate", "believe", "expect", "plan", "intend", "potential", "estimate", "propose", "project", "outlook", "foresee", “strategy”, "success" or similar words suggesting future outcomes or statements regarding an outlook. Such statements include, among others: intends to accelerate its U.S. helium and natural gas programs, as well as to continue development of its copper property in Mexico; will complete the eight Syracuse wells that are adjacent to its completed internal pipeline; will also test two promising helium and natural gas system wells; etc.

VVC Current Holdings of Proton Green

Fri, 28 Jul 2023 20:34:21 GMT

TORONTO, July 28, 2023 -- VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC" or the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQB:VVCVF) wishes to clarify that its current holdings in Proton Green, LLC ("Proton Green"), is 14.09 %.

This information is to supplement and clarify the news release issued earlier today, announcing that Proton Green has entered into a Share Exchange Agreement which when completed will allow Proton Green to be publicly traded in the USA. For more information refer to previous news release and financial statements .

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com.

About Proton Green, LLC

Proton Green LLC is a leading operator of one of the largest Helium and beverage grade CO2 hubs in North America. The Company maintains exclusive production rights to St. Johns Field, a 170,500 acre property in Arizona with a 33 billion cubic feet helium reservoir, 9 trillion cubic feet CO2 reservoir and a basin with the potential to store 1 billion metric tons of CO2. The Company is currently a top 10 producer of Helium in North America – a high-demand gas in both consumer and critical technology applications – leveraging strategic offtake partners with fixed-price agreements to drive a predictable revenue stream. Notably, both Helium and CO2 produced at St. John’s Field contain no hydrocarbon component. To learn more, please visit: https://www.protongreen.com.

Proton Green, A Strategic Investment of VVC, Enters into Definitive Share Exchange Agreement to Form Premier Publicly Traded Helium and Beverage Grade CO2 Supplier

Fri, 28 Jul 2023 12:07:16 GMT

VVC is a Substantial Owner of Proton Green, A Top 10 North American Helium Producer Entering the Public Markets

TORONTO, ONTARIO – July 28, 2023 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC" or the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQB:VVCVF) a major investor in Proton Green, LLC ("Proton Green"), is thrilled to announce that Proton Green has signed a definitive share exchange agreement with Cyber App Solutions (Ticker: CYRB). The agreement signifies a significant milestone for Proton Green, establishing it as a leading publicly traded supplier of helium and beverage grade CO2 in North America.

Under the terms of the all-stock transaction, Cyber App Solutions Corp. will acquire Proton Green, with Proton Green shareholders set to own approximately 94.4% of the combined entity. The current Proton Green management team and Board of Directors will lead the new organization. This strategic move paves the way for a name change to Proton Green, Inc., and a planned ticker change to "PGRN," a symbol that has already been reserved with Nasdaq. Subsequently, Proton Green anticipates a Nasdaq uplisting in the second half of 2023, further solidifying its position in the public markets.

The combined company is poised to become a leader in sustainable helium and beverage grade CO2 production, capitalizing on its exclusive resource rights to the vast 170,500-acre St. Johns field in Arizona. Recognized as one of the largest helium, CO2, and carbon storage reservoirs in North America, the St. Johns field contains an estimated 33 billion cubic feet of helium and 9 trillion cubic feet of CO2 in accessible reservoirs. A notable advantage is that both the helium and CO2 extracted from the St. Johns field are entirely hydrocarbon-free.

Steve Looper, Chief Executive Officer of Proton Green, expressed his enthusiasm about Proton Green's market entry: “We are pleased to enter the public markets through this share exchange agreement, providing the capital markets community with a compelling Helium and CO2 pure-play opportunity. As it stands today with Phase I of Helium production underway, we are now a top 10 Helium producer in North America – with a clear line of sight to becoming the second largest as we scale production in the coming quarters – leveraging fixed-price offtake agreements with two multi-national industrial gas distribution and marketing companies.

“Looking ahead, our vision for Proton Green is clear. We will seek to rapidly scale our helium production, begin beverage grade CO2 production, and set new sustainability benchmarks for the industry with our hydrocarbon-free gases. I firmly believe that we can scale Helium production revenue from hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars per month by year-end. We're set to transform the industry while concurrently driving sustainable value for both our shareholders and their communities," concluded Looper.

As an investor in Proton Green, VVC Resources stands firmly behind the company's vision and recognizes the strategic significance of this share exchange agreement. The move positions Proton Green to capitalize on the growing demand for sustainable helium and beverage grade CO2, paving the way for a prosperous future as a leading supplier in the North American market as well as the potential for Carbon Storage.

"We are thrilled to witness the union of Proton Green and Cyber App Solutions Corp, which marks a defining moment in the sustainable energy sector. As a committed investor in Proton Green, we are confident that this strategic amalgamation will position the combined entity as a dominant player in the North American market for helium and beverage grade CO2. This milestone not only represents a tremendous growth opportunity for the company but also reinforces our dedication to fostering a greener and more sustainable future. We congratulate Steve Looper and his team on this significant milestone.” said VVC CEO, Jim Culver.

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

About Proton Green, LLC

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS:

This news release contains "forward-looking information" (within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws) and "forward-looking statements" (within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995). Such statements or information are identified with words such as "anticipate", "believe", "expect", "plan", "intend", "potential", "estimate", "propose", "project", "outlook", "foresee", “strategy”, "success" or similar words suggesting future outcomes or statements regarding an outlook. Such statements about Proton Green include, among others: leading publicly traded supplier of helium and beverage grade CO2; become a leader in sustainable helium and beverage grade CO2 production, capitalizing on its exclusive resource rights; with a clear line of sight to becoming the second largest as we scale production in the coming quarters; seek to rapidly scale our helium production, begin beverage grade CO2 production, and set new sustainability benchmarks for the industry; paving the way for a prosperous future as a leading supplier in the North American market as well as the potential for Carbon Storage; will position the combined entity as a dominant player in the North American market for helium and beverage grade CO2; etc.

Such forward-looking information or statements are based on a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions which may cause actual results or other expectations to differ materially from those anticipated and which may prove to be incorrect. Assumptions have been made regarding, among other things, management's expectations regarding acquisitions, production of helium, future development and growth, plans for and completion of projects by Company’s third-party relationships, availability of capital, and the necessity to incur capital and other expenditures. Actual results could differ materially due to a number of factors, without limitation, operational risks in the completion of Company’s anticipated projects, delays or changes in plans with respect to the development of Company’s anticipated projects by Company’s third-party relationships, risks related to Covid-19, risks affecting the ability to develop projects, risks in legislative changes in the applicable jurisdictions, risks inherent in operating in foreign jurisdictions, the ability to attract key personnel, risks in decrease of price of helium and copper. No assurances can be given that the efforts by Company will be successful.

Investors are cautioned that notwithstanding the expectations described herein, there can be no assurance that the plans described herein will be completed as proposed. Trading in the securities of VVC should be considered highly speculative. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements and by those made in our filings with SEDAR in Canada (available at www.sedar.com ).

The Age of Silicon Is Here…for Batteries

Wed, 26 Jul 2023 12:47:42 GMT

The mainstay material of electronics is now yielding better energy storage

By PRACHI PATEL | | 04 MAY 2023

Since lithium-ion batteries ’ commercial debut three decades ago, this portable and high-density (and Nobel Prize–winning ) energy storage technology has revolutionized the fields of consumer electronics , electric vehicles , and large-scale energy storage. And yet even for the technology’s vast advancements—a staggering thirtyfold drop in price between 1991 and 2018, for instance—the biggest improvements have taken place mostly on the lithium-metal-oxide cathode side. Lithium-ion batteries’ graphite anodes, by contrast, have largely stayed the same.

Silicon has long held out promise as a medium for anodes, because it can hold 10 times as many lithium ions by weight as graphite. In fact, silicon’s first documented use as a lithium battery anode even predates that of graphite— by seven years . But experiments with that element have been plagued by technical challenges—including volume expansion of the anode when loaded with lithium ions and the resulting material fracture that can happen when an anode expands and contracts .

Now, however, after some 15 years of incremental improvements and dashed hopes , silicon’s time as a mainstay material in batteries has finally arrived.

“Silicon has transformed the way we store information, and now it’s transforming the way we store energy.”
–Rick Costantino, Group14

Some carmakers and silicon anode startups have teamed up to produce longer-range, lower-cost EVs that could be on the road by mid-decade. General Motors and OneD Battery Sciences in Palo Alto, Calif., are putting OneD’s silicon nanotechnology into GM’s Ultium battery cells. Alameda, Calif.–based Sila Nanotechnologies ’ silicon anode, which has powered the Whoop fitness tracker since 2021, will be in the Mercedes G-Class SUV by 2026. Group14 Technologies , in Woodinville, Wash., should have its silicon battery setup in a Porsche EV by next year.

In late 2022, Group14, Sila, and Amprius Technologies in Fremont, Calif., raised nearly half a billion dollars to commercialize their anode materials, with US $250 million from the U.S. Department of Energy and, for Group14, another $214 million in private investment. All three plan to have domestic gigawatt-scale factories up and running in the next few years. Group14 began construction of a 20-gigawatt plant in Moses Lake, Wash., in April.

“Silicon has transformed the way we store information, and now it’s transforming the way we store energy,” says Group14’s chief technology officer, Rick Costantino.

Silicon promises longer-range, faster-charging and more-affordable EVs than those whose batteries feature today’s graphite anodes. It not only soaks up more lithium ions, it also shuttles them across the battery’s membrane faster. And as the most abundant metal in Earth’s crust, it should be cheaper and less susceptible to supply-chain issues. As things stand, nearly all graphite anode material is processed in China.

Tesla has reportedly added up to 5 percent silicon in its batteries’ anodes. But silicon anode startups want to go much further.

When researchers first began to explore silicon for lithium battery anodes—as noted above, in 1976, before graphite became the compromise solution—silicon’s drastic swelling and shrinking during charge and discharge quickly disintegrated the anode. And adverse side reactions complicated the process during charging and shortened battery life as well.

Some commercial battery makers, including Tesla, have boosted the lithium-holding capacity of their batteries’ anodes by adding a small amount (usually up to 5 percent) of silicon. But silicon anode startups want to go much further.

Most of them are looking at nano-engineered silicon as a workaround to the swelling and side-reaction problems. Stanford materials science professor Yi Cui and his lab set off this field of research with a 2008 paper in Nature Nanotechnology on silicon nanowires that withstood swelling. Others soon put different spins on this, with spherical silicon nanoparticles, core-shell-type particles made up of silicon cores with protective coatings around them, and silicon particles with etched surfaces.

Cui cofounded Amprius in 2008 to commercialize the silicon nanowire anode technology. The company has improved the process to grow nanowires directly from the metal current collector substrate. The nanowires do not swell as much as spherical nanoparticles. The company’s choice of pure silicon is the reason for the battery’s high energy density, says Ionel Stefan, chief technology officer. The thin, porous materials also allow a depleted battery to be brought to a 90 percent state of charge in 10 minutes.

In March, Amprius reported a silicon anode battery with a record-high certified energy density of 500 watt-hours per kilogram , about twice that of today’s EV batteries . Airbus and BAE Systems already use the company’s batteries in aircraft. By ramping up production at a 5-GW factory in Boulder, Colo., that will open in 2025, Amprius hopes to bring down costs enough for commercial flight applications such as drones and air taxis.

The downside to Amprius’s anode technology is that “it’s expensive and its production requires proprietary anodes not compatible with existing large EV cell factories,” says Vincent Pluvinage, CEO and cofounder of OneD Battery Sciences. That’s the reason Amprius is, for now, targeting niche applications like urban air transport.

Pluvinage says OneD is instead focused on getting affordable EVs on the market by 2026. OneD also uses silicon nanowires, but the company infuses the nanowires into the internal pores and surfaces of graphite particles. The addition of silicon processing costs less than $2 per kilowatt-hour, and produces batteries with energy densities of 350 watt-hours per kilogram and 80 percent charging in under 10 minutes. “While silicon has been seen as a highly engineered and expensive material, OneD has found the solution for breaking this cost barrier and effectively adding just the right amount of silicon into EV batteries,” Pluvinage says.

Group14 and Sila are both keeping costs low by designing silicon materials that look and behave just like the black graphite powder used to make today’s anodes. This, they say, will allow a drop-in swap at existing battery facilities. “You don’t need to change the way batteries are made…silicon anodes can be made in the same factories,” says Gleb Yushin, Sila’s chief technology officer. Yushin, a materials science professor at Georgia Tech, cofounded Sila in 2011 with ex-Tesla engineer Gene Berdichevsky.

Sila’s silicon powder consists of micrometer-size particles of nanostructured silicon and other materials surrounded by a porous scaffold made of another material. The material enables batteries with 20 percent higher energy density (which translates to about 160 kilometers more range for an EV) than those with graphite anodes. The company says it plans to double that in the future.

“At the material level, it should eventually be cheaper than graphite.”

—Gleb Yushin, Sila Nanotechnologies

Sila’s composite combats both key issues with silicon, namely swelling and reactions with the electrolyte. The spaces in the nanostructured, porous material allow silicon to expand without damage; and the scaffolding allows lithium ions through while preventing reactions with the electrolyte, Yushin explains.

Sila currently makes its anode material at a pilot-scale facility in California, and plans to build a 20-GW plant in Washington state. That facility, the company says, will turn out enough anode material to power 1 million EVs within the next five years. “We founded the company to enable the EV revolution,” Yushin says. “When you increase scale, the cost always goes down substantially. At the material level, it should eventually be cheaper than graphite.”

Group14 is tapping into its expertise in making porous carbon materials for batteries and ultracapacitors. The company creates micrometer-size porous carbon particles in a single step and single reaction using a patented process, and then uses chemical vapor deposition to get silicon inside the pores. The silicon that forms inside is amorphous, not crystalline, unlike that used by competitors, says CTO Costantino. “Amorphous silicon is the ideal form for energy storage. It’s the most stable form, with high capacity and greater cycle life.”

The company’s 10-GW plant in South Korea, built in partnership with SK Materials, a leading manufacturer of materials for electronics and displays, should be on line in the coming months, Costantino says. The firm’s 20-GW factory will come on line by next year. Unlike Sila, Group14 is looking at transport applications beyond EVs, including air taxis and eVTOLs.

Nanostructured silicon might not be the only way to put silicon in anodes. Enevate , in Irvine, Calif., has taken a completely different approach. Instead of engineering silicon nanoparticles and nanowires, the company deposits porous silicon films that are tens of micrometers thick directly on copper foil. Its silicon anode batteries are now in Calif.-based Lightning Motorcycles’ new electric bikes , providing roughly 220 kilometers of EV range with just a 10-minute charge.

Meanwhile, NanoGraf has chosen another way to increase the amount of silicon in graphite anodes. The Chicago startup makes a silicon oxide material that it preswells to make it more stable. Its anodes boost the energy density of batteries by 10 percent, and the company is currently making lighter battery packs that soldiers can carry to power their communications devices, goggles, and other equipment.

As all these companies vie to increase production and lower cost, they will also have to face competition from developers of other battery chemistries that are in the running to advance lithium-ion. Lithium-metal, lithium-air, and lithium-sulfur are just a few. At Stanford, Cui is himself working extensively on lithium-metal batteries that use pure lithium as the anode. “I call it the the holy grail for batteries,” he says. His group, and others such as the U.S. Battery500 Consortium —a group of four national laboratories and five universities—have made tremendous progress on lithium metal anodes, but they still carry a safety risk, with batteries sometimes catching fire, Cui says. Besides, lithium-metal and other technologies will require redesigning a battery from scratch.

“Lithium won’t be on the market for at least another five years,” he says, but you can already place an order for silicon anode material. “Silicon is happening now. This is silicon’s era.”

Exxon to Buy Denbury for $4.9 Billion in CO2 Pipeline Push

Mon, 17 Jul 2023 13:10:17 GMT

By Kevin Crowley , and David Wethe

July 13, 2023 at 8:00 AM EDT

Updated on July 13, 2023 at 11:27 AM EDT

Exxon Mobil Corporation agreed to buy Denbury Inc. for US$4.9 billion, its biggest acquisition in six years, in a deal that will provide the oil giant the largest network of carbon dioxide pipelines in the U.S.

The all-stock transaction values Plano, Texas-based Denbury at $89.45 a share, the companies said Thursday in a statement.

Denbury’s key asset is 1,300 miles (about two thousand kilometres) of pipelines dedicated to transporting CO2, critical infrastructure if the U.S. is going to be successful in capturing carbon emissions from facilities like refineries and chemical plants.

The acquisition is the largest single carbon-management investment since the Inflation Reduction Act passed in August. The law included landmark climate provisions, providing substantial tax incentives for companies to capture CO2 emissions and store them underground rather than pollute the atmosphere.

Buying Denbury will “allow us to move much more quickly than if we were to go out and try to build and replicate that infrastructure ourselves,” said Dan Ammann, president of Exxon’s Low Carbon Solutions business in a Bloomberg Television interview. It will “accelerate the growth of this business and do that on a very profitable basis.”

Denbury’s Rocky Mountain assets are connected to Exxon’s Shute Creek gas facility near LaBarge, Wyo., which has captured more carbon than any other asset in the U.S.

Video: When will helium shortage 4.0 end?

Thu, 06 Jul 2023 15:05:46 GMT

By Thomas Deeon Jun 07, 2023

Phil Kornbluth, Founder & President at Kornbluth Helium Consulting, discusses the latest developments on helium shortage 4.0 and when it could possibly come to an end, on gas world’s, Helium in 2023, webinar.

Source: Gasworld

Bill Gates-Backed Mining Company Is Silicon Valley’s Newest Unicorn

Fri, 30 Jun 2023 12:59:30 GMT

KoBold Metals raises $200 million to dig for copper, lithium using AI

By Julie Steinberg

June 20, 2023 1:00 am ET

Some of the tech industry’s most prominent investors are doubling down on one of Silicon Valley’s latest unicorns: a mining startup.

Berkeley, Calif.-based KoBold Metals, which explores for metals such as copper, lithium and cobalt using artificial intelligence , is raising around $200 million in a fundraising round, said co-founder and Chief Executive Kurt House.

The capital injection values the company at more than $1 billion, he said. Part of that will be used to help it develop copper reserves it recently acquired in Zambia .

The fundraising round is backed by existing investors including Bill Gates’s Breakthrough Energy Ventures, a climate-tech venture-capital firm that invests money on behalf of the likes of Jeff Bezos and Jack Ma.

Also involved in the round: venture-capital firm Andreessen Horowitz and BOND, a venture-capital firm co-founded by Mary Meeker. A division of T. Rowe Price that manages client money led the round.

KoBold marries elements of two recently hot investment trends. Investors have been pouring money into projects that will help transition the world to a greener economy, including battery production for electric vehicles, clean hydrogen projects and carbon-removal technologies . That all requires a suite of metals that can be hard to find and expensive to dig out of the ground.

At the same time, recent advances in artificial intelligence, including the debut this year of AI-empowered chat apps, have funneled investment into AI startups .

Founded in 2018, KoBold says it uses data science and machine learning to identify deposits of cobalt, copper, nickel and lithium, crucial components of the electric-vehicle boom. It has 60 continuing exploration projects in North America, Africa and Australia. Last December, it agreed to invest $150 million to buy a controlling stake in a large, undeveloped copper deposit in Zambia that it says should take at least eight years to yield copper.

The company says it is trying to disrupt traditional methods of mining exploration, which haven’t changed much in decades. Big miners over the years have outsourced exploration to smaller companies. House said one goal is to collect more sophisticated and nuanced data about deposits that conventional methods wouldn’t traditionally collect.

“The success rates of finding new deposits have been declining,” House said. “It’s hard to see how in the current setup we’ll get sufficient discoveries in time without breakthroughs in technology.”

Connie Chan, a general partner at Andreessen Horowitz, said the company’s investors wanted to put in more capital because “we saw the algorithms are working and wanted [the company] to accelerate, and make sure they had plenty of resources.” She pointed to projects in Quebec that yielded more nickel sulfide than the industry average for that region. The hunt for battery metals is intensifying as the world transitions away from fossil fuels and as most of the more-easily detectable deposits have already been snapped up. Large mining companies globally are trying to tap new areas farther underground. KoBold has exploration partnerships with miners Rio Tinto and BHP.

The investment, which is taking place amid a difficult backdrop for tech fundraising more broadly, is making bedfellows of tech players and more traditional industry backers. Other investors participating in the round include BHP, Norwegian energy company Equinor and Mitsubishi.

“The demand for metals needed for electrification and battery storage is only increasing,” said Jay Simons, a general partner at BOND. “Our demand is quickly outpacing the ability to meet it. To unlock the capacity that’s needed, you’ll need different approaches.”

Write to Julie Steinberg at julie.steinberg@wsj.com

Source: The Wall Street Journal

VVC’s Strategic Investment, Proton Green, initiates Helium Production

Mon, 26 Jun 2023 20:19:01 GMT

Flagship Production Plant Makes Proton Green a Top 10 Helium Producer in North America

TORONTO, ONTARIO – June 26, 2023 – VVC’s Strategic Investment, Proton Green, LLC ("Proton Green"), the operator of one of the leading helium, beverage grade CO2, and carbon sequestration hubs in North America, announced the startup of its Phase I Helium Extraction Plant at its St. Johns Dome asset, which spans approximately 150,000 contiguous acres. The St. Johns asset is located in Apache County, Arizona, atop one of the largest helium and carbon dioxide reservoirs in North America, with an estimated 33 billion cubic feet of helium and 9 trillion cubic feet of CO2 in accessible reservoirs. Notably, both helium and CO2 produced from the region contain no hydrocarbon component.

According to Steve Looper, Chief Executive Officer of Proton Green, LLC: "With initiation of production at its Phase I Helium Extraction Plant, Proton Green joins the Top 10 ranks as a helium producer in North America, being junior to Exxon, Kinder Morgan, NASCO, and others as leading producers. Proton Green's Phase I Helium Extraction Plant will reach nameplate production capacity over the next several weeks, as standard ramp up and risk management procedures are executed. Proton Green's production has been contracted for fixed-price offtake with two multi-national industrial gas distribution and marketing companies."

VVC owns 14.09% of Proton Green. "We are truly excited about Proton Green’s milestone" said Terrence Martell, Chairman of VVC. "We look forward to future developments from this strategic investment."

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the OTC Market (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

About Proton Green, LLC

Proton Green LLC, is poised to become one of the leading North American producers of helium and beverage-grade CO2, while also building out its position as one of the leading carbon sequestration operators in North America. With operating control over the St. Johns Field, a 152,000-acre property in Apache County, Arizona, the Company controls a massive helium reservoir, CO2 reservoir, and carbon storage basin. Both helium and beverage-grade CO2 remain in short supply. Helium is used to cool magnets in MRI systems, as the temperate of silicon during semiconductor manufacturing, for space and satellite system applications, as well as in many other critical technologies. Carbon capture and sequestration is fast becoming a climate imperative, and the Company has the ability to inject up to 22 million metric tons of CO2 per year at its primary basin, and over one billion tons of total storage capacity. Company website: https://www.protongreen.com/

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS:

Investors are cautioned that notwithstanding the expectations described herein, there can be no assurance that the plans described herein will be completed as proposed. Trading in the securities of VVC should be considered highly speculative. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements and by those made in our filings with SEDAR in Canada (available at www.sedar.com ).

How silicon could enable cheaper EVs, electric flight and more powerful batteries

Thu, 22 Jun 2023 14:00:10 GMT

Lithium-ion battery performance has reached a plateau in recent years, but a breakthrough in battery technology is about to change that. Using silicon instead of graphite, the commonly used material in battery anodes today, enables significantly higher energy density and faster charging. The new tech has attracted the attention of big players such as GM, Porsche, Mercedes-Benz and Airbus. CNBC spoke with Sila, Amprius and Group14 to learn how the new batteries will transform EVs and more.

SAT, APR 22 2023 | 8:29 AM EDT

Andrew Evers | Jeniece Pettitt | Magdalena Petrova | Katie Brigham

The fate of America’s largest supply of helium is up in the air

Thu, 15 Jun 2023 18:46:31 GMT

The Federal Helium Reserve was supposed to be sold off in 2021. Scientists hope it will remain in government hands.

Feb. 7, 2023, 2:23 PM -03

By Mary Pflum

For more than a year, the fate of the Federal Helium Reserve, one of the world’s largest and most dependable suppliers of helium, has been uncertain.

The mammoth underground structure is comprised of nearly 500 miles of pipeline — stretching from Amarillo, Texas, to the panhandle of Oklahoma to Kansas — and supplies roughly 40% of the world’s helium.

“It was supposed to be sold off by 2021,” said Sophia Hayes, a professor of chemistry at Washington University in St. Louis and one of the nation’s leading helium experts. “But for the past year, it’s been silent.”

For the better part of a decade, scientists like Hayes have urged government officials to hold on to the reserve, instead of selling it to a private entity — likely a major industrial gas or pipeline company, and possibly one that is foreign-owned. They say that the decision Congress made in 1996 to set into motion a 25-year plan to unload the reserve, in a bid to shrink government, was shortsighted and potentially detrimental to a host of industries, ranging from medical technology to rocket science.

Last week, a government-issued helium bulletin inflated their hopes that the United States may be thinking harder about helium.

On Jan. 30, a notice was posted to the Federal Register by the U.S. Geological Survey seeking public comments regarding “whether there is an increasing risk of helium-supply disruption.”

At first glance, the notice may not seem like much.

But Hayes and several other scientists whom NBC News spoke with say it is one more sign the federal government is paying close attention to an increasingly volatile helium market, and potentially rethinking the terms and timing of the sale of the reserve.

“Every delay, every pause in the sale, every discussion about the value of helium gives us hope that maybe someone is paying attention,” Hayes said.

To the average consumer, helium is not a particularly important matter. For most, it’s best known as the lighter-than-air gas that gives flight to party balloons and, when inhaled, makes people sound like chipmunks.

But liquid helium is liquid gold to a host of industries, according to Bill Halperin, a professor of physics at Northwestern University, who uses helium for low-temperature physics and to provide a liquid bath for superconducting magnets used for nuclear magnetic resonance.

“Helium is a nonrenewable resource. NASA and SpaceX need helium for liquid fuel rockets,” he said. “The MRI industry needs helium. The pharmaceutical industry is reliant on helium. And so is the Department of Defense.”

Halperin notes that the Defense Department uses helium not only for missiles, but also for surveillance balloons .

“It’s very important to have observation status which doesn’t compromise human life. And balloons provide that. In Afghanistan and Iraq, helium balloons were used to monitor activity.”

It’s widely believed that the suspected Chinese surveillance balloon, shot down by the U.S. military on Saturday after passing over the northern U.S. earlier in the week, was a helium balloon.

Scientists estimate that, at the current rate of global consumption, there is a supply of helium for 100-200 more years. There are only a handful of significant sources of helium in the world — the U.S., Qatar, Algeria and Russia, chief among them. But due to geopolitical situations elsewhere in the world, the U.S. supply is considered the most reliable.

Established in the 1920s for what was then a burgeoning blimp industry, the Federal Helium Reserve quickly became the go-to for scores of scientists and private companies when it came to sourcing reliable helium.

The value of the reserve, Hayes said, also extends to the unique and natural formation in which the helium is stored. The dolomite structure, a massive cave-like formation situated beneath two layers of salt that act as a cap, enables the reserve to do what virtually no other known place in the world can do: store helium long term.

“Helium can pretty much escape through any above-ground container,” she said. “We make steel containers to hold helium, but some of it always leaks out, despite our best efforts. So in order to preserve and contain helium long term, we need places like the reserve, which are impermeable.”

While scientists are finding new ways to recycle helium, finding storage facilities to hold the helium that are both impermeable and that are equipped with machinery with which to remove and refine helium on an on-demand basis — as the Federal Helium Reserve does — is no easy task.

“For the last century, we’re the only ones who have had a container like this one for helium,” Hayes said. “It makes no sense to sell off this infrastructure.”

The original terms of the legislation enacted to sell off the Federal Helium Reserve set a deadline to sell by Sept. 30, 2021.

But the Bureau of Land Management delayed the sale and turned the assets of the Federal Helium Reserve over to the General Services Administration, which scheduled an auction for last year. That sale has yet to materialize.

NBC News reached out to both the BLM and the GSA for comment on the status of the sale of the Federal Helium Reserve. The former referred all questions to the latter, which did not respond to the inquiries.

Halperin is among those concerned about what will happen if the government sells the Federal Helium Reserve to a private entity, and to what it could mean for not only scientific advancements, but also for consumers.

“Helium shortages have already impacted MRIs,” he said. “If hospitals don’t have access to helium for MRI machines, patients may not have access to MRIs or could have to pay additional fees, which could be extraordinary.”

The U.S. is experiencing the fourth in a series of helium shortages since 2006, according to helium consultant Phil Kornbluth.

“The world has experienced eight years of helium shortage in the last 17. It’s been a pretty unreliable supply chain,” he said, noting war in Ukraine has indefinitely disrupted Russia’s supply of helium to the global marketplace. “The prices of helium in many cases have doubled since January 2022. Contract prices have increased 50 to 100%, in some cases, even more.”

Kornbluth said selling the reserve now may create further price hikes.

“I would definitely be in favor of putting the sale of the Federal Helium Reserve on at least a temporary hold,” he said. “The world’s supply of helium right now is pretty fragile. We’re in a shortage.”

But exactly how long the sale of the Federal Helium Reserve can be delayed — or whether the sale of the reserve can potentially be stopped permanently — is complicated.

“I think there’s a lot of questions about who’s got what authority to do what,” said Mark Elsesser, director of government affairs for the American Physical Society, the largest physics membership group in the nation. He has been communicating with government agencies for years about the merits of helium and as recently as last month met with government officials to discuss the reserve.

“It was an act of Congress that said this thing was going to be sold, so I believe it will take an act of Congress to say this won’t be sold.”

While Elsesser said, in a perfect world scenario, he’d like to see the reserve remain in federal hands, he realizes it may be more realistic to focus on setting specific terms related to any eventual sale.

“For me, the real concern I have with the federal government selling the reserve is that the federal government will no longer have control at all over this irreplaceable, nonrenewable, critical natural resource,” he said. “Whoever the reserve is sold to, at that point, the federal government is solely negotiating with private companies on purchasing helium, whether it’s available or not. At the point of sale, the federal government is totally out of the helium game.”

Mary Pflum

Mary Pflum is a national field producer for NBC News, based in New York.

Why a Copper Shortage Threatens EVs and Green Transition

Thu, 08 Jun 2023 19:25:08 GMT

EVs require four times as much copper as gas-fueled cars.

By Wall Street Journal

Jun 08, 2023 6:30 am

VVC - Warrant Exercise Proceed & Debt Settlement

Wed, 31 May 2023 13:13:47 GMT

TORONTO, May 31, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, (" VVC " or the " Company ") announces the extension for 2 additional years of certain warrants expiring on June 8, 2023, subject to the TSX Venture Exchange (“TSXV”) approval.

As such, the Company has applied to the TSXV to extend 11,799,000 Series AF warrants until June 8, 2025. The warrants, exerciseable at $0.06 per share, were issued pursuant to a Private Placement which closed on June 8, 2020, and was approved by the TSXV on June 9, 2020.2.

VVC - Warrant Exercise Proceed & Debt Settlement

Fri, 18 Nov 2022 13:16:49 GMT

TORONTO, Nov. 18, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, (" VVC " or the " Company ") announces the following:

Warrant Exercises

From October 1 to November 17, 2022, the Company received gross proceeds of $1.5 million pursuant to the exercise of Series AE and AA warrants. Shareholders holding Series AA warrants are reminded that these warrants expire on November 30, 2022.

Stockhouse Publishing

Pursuant to an arrangement with Stockhouse Publishing Ltd. in 2021, VVC is settling $15,000 of indebtedness by the issuance of 214,285 shares at the price of $0.07.

The Securities to be issued pursuant to this transaction will be subject to the approval of the TSX Venture Exchange and to the applicable statutory, exchange and regulatory hold period of four months and any other required resale restrictions.

VVC’s Helium Projects and Proton Green, Continue to Fuel Company’s Growth

Thu, 29 Sep 2022 20:07:47 GMT

Company Announces Helium and Natural Gas Expansion and Addition of Silica and Copper Properties

TORONTO, ONTARIO – September 29, 2022 – Following a successful Annual Shareholders Meeting, VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources , ("VVC" or the "Company"), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQB:VVCVF) announces the expansion of its helium and natural gas assets. Additionally, the Company’s mining division continues to grow with the addition of new copper and silica projects.

Bolstered by Proton Green’s aggressive growth, VVC has the opportunity to leverage its shares in the company to further fund its own strategic initiatives, including continued development of the helium and natural gas business as well as plans for a pilot mining at the Gloria Copper Project. This growth continues to create significant potential value for VVC and its investors.

"The amount of progress Proton Green has achieved over the past two years is nothing short of remarkable," said VVC CEO, Jim Culver. "VVC’s investment into Proton Green provides flexibility to our balance sheet and generally expands financing opportunities that will enable us to potentially grow our helium at a faster rate."

"VVC’s expansion and acquisitions reflect our continued focus on resources of the future. I firmly believe copper, helium, and silica will remain in short supply in the near future," said Dr. Terrence Martell, Chairman of the VVC Board.

Below is a summary on the Company’s recent activities. More information is available from our website at: www. https://www.vvcresources.com/presentation .

VVC’s Portfolio of Helium and Industrial Gas Assets Continues to Expand

VVC’s helium strategy has been to build helium reserves by leasing mineral rights in proven oil and gas fields primarily in Kansas and Colorado in the North American helium belt. Each targeted lease has at least one well that has tested helium but was not previously produced. This target profile gives VVC more data on where to drill and more certainty in its ability to produce gas.

In the last 18 months, VVC has acquired substantial helium assets. While the Company continues its leasing as it rounds out multiple helium projects located in Kansas and Colorado, and will lease new projects on an opportunistic basis, the focus of the Company is getting as much of its assets as possible into production quickly. The Company currently has six projects leased with leasing continuing in three other projects.

Portfolio Company Proton Green Maintains its Aggressive Growth

VVC owns approximately 14% of the energy transition company Proton Green. Proton Green is poised to become one of the leading helium producers and carbon sequestration hubs in North America. The Company focuses on green helium production, carbon sequestration, and food grade carbon dioxide production.

Proton Green’s focus project, St Johns, has a third-party geological resource of up to 33 billion cubic feet of helium in easily accessible reservoirs capable of producing one billion cubic feet of helium per year. While most helium is extracted from natural gas deposits, the helium produced at St Johns is highly unusual in that it does not contain any hydrocarbons. In addition to the helium production, Proton Green has the ability to inject 22 million metric tons of CO2 per year with a total storage capacity of over one billion metric tons and take advantage of the tax credits associated with carbon capture.

VVC is in the process of leveraging its 14% ownership of Proton Green to finance the additional helium wells in the next phase of the helium development in currently leased Kansas properties, and possibly to finance other projects.

VVC Adds Copper and Silica Properties to its Mining Portfolio While Preparing Gloria for Production

Gloria Copper Project: VVC’s fully permitted, near-production copper project, Gloria , hosts oxide copper mineralization with a combination of indicated and inferred copper resources of 59.4 (9.6M tonnes grading 0.28% Cu) and 89.3 million pounds (14.4M tonnes grading 0.28% Cu) respectively, in less than 1/3 of the known mineralization zone. During the shutdown due to COVID, the team in Mexico has enhanced the planned processing methods which is expected to yield a higher percentage recovery than previously expected for copper, gold and silver in the mineralized rock. Contingent on securing sufficient financing, the Gloria Project is now ready for pilot mining and can begin producing copper, gold, and silver within 9 months of financing.

El Recreo and La Osa: VVC has filed claims over two prospective copper and gold exploration properties in Mexico in 2021, with approvals pending. El Recreo is a 2,000+ acre copper and gold property located near Mazatlan and La Osa is a 3,000-acre copper and gold property located in Northern Sonora.

Silica: A new venture for VVC - The Company has seen the value of silica rise in recent years bolstered by the energy transition and looks to take advantage of this opportunity. VVC is exploring multiple avenues for silica production. Currently, waste rock from one of VVC’s current projects can be refined into 98% pure silica. In addition, VVC has filed a claim in northern Sonora that contains naturally occurring 90%+ pure silica. The Company is also looking to acquire additional claims in the western US and has a target launch date for a silica division in 2023.

Amendment to Loan Agreement

The previously announced short-term loan of US$1.25 million provided by the Chairman of the Board of Directors was increased to US$1.5 million. The loan is due on November 30, 2022, but will most likely be extended. The annual interest rate is based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 2.75%. The loan is now secured by a 1% interest in the Company's Proton Green investment.

The funds were used to pay outstanding liabilities and complete the Syracuse gas gathering system.

About VVC Resources

VVC is engaged in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & Industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC) and on the US-based OTCQB (OTCQB:VVCVF). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS:

This news release contains "forward-looking information" (within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws) and "forward -looking statements" (within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995). Such statements or information are identified with words such as "anticipate", "believe", "expect", "plan", "intend", "potential", "estimate", "propose", "project", "outlook", "foresee" or similar words suggesting future outcomes or statements regarding an outlook. Such statements include, among others: continued development ...; growth continues to create significant potential value; expands financing opportunities that will enable us to potentially grow; copper, helium, and silica will remain in short supply in the near future; will lease new projects on an opportunistic basis; is poised to become one of the leading helium producers and ...; in the process of leveraging its 14% ownership of Proton Green to finance; pilot mining and can begin producing copper, gold, and silver within 9 months of financing; exploring multiple avenues for silica production; also looking to acquire additional claims in the western US and has a target launch date for a silica division in 2023; loan due on November 30, 2022, but will most likely be extended; etc.

Investors are cautioned that notwithstanding the expectations described herein, there can be no assurance that the plans described herein will be completed as proposed. Trading in the securities of VVC should be considered highly speculative. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements and by those made in our filings with SEDAR in Canada (available at www.sedar.com ).

Results of VVC Annual Shareholders' Meeting

Thu, 01 Sep 2022 12:30:04 GMT

TORONTO, ONTARIO – September 1, 2022 – VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, (" VVC "), (TSX-V:VVC and OTCQC:VVCVF) announces the following:

Shareholders' Meeting

The Company's virtual Annual General and Special Meeting of Shareholders ("AGSM”) took place virtually yesterday with 33 attendees and representation by Proxy of about 73% of the shareholders. At the AGSM, shareholders approved the election of all Directors proposed by Management and the re-appointment of MNP LLP as auditors of the Company. In addition, shareholders approved the 2022 Stock Option Plan (the "SOP"), with the disinterested shareholders, being the insiders of the Company, having abstained from voting. The SOP will be submitted to the TSX Venture Exchange ("TSXV") in order to obtain their acceptance, prior to being implemented and new options being granted.

The Formal Business session and the Presentation session of the AGSM were recorded and will be posted on the Company website, as soon as possible.

Appointment of Officers

In a Board Meeting following the AGSM, the Directors reappointed the following executive officers for VVC and the Chairman of the Board of Directors:

Jim Culver, President and CEO
Terrence Martell, Chairman of the Board
Kevin Barnes, Chief Financial Officer
Michel Lafrance, Secretary-Treasurer

VVC Chairman, Terrence Martell, commented, " On behalf of Management and the Directors, I wish to thank all our shareholders who supported us loyally throughout the past year, and we look forward to serving you for another year."

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

Carbon Capture, A Major Focus of $369 Billion US Federal Investment

Wed, 10 Aug 2022 18:33:22 GMT

Proton Green, a VVC portfolio company, owns one of the largest carbon storage hubs in the world

VVC’s Blog, Resources For Tomorrow, highlights news, research and media that relates to the natural resources industry and VVC. The article below, “ Christmas for Climate Tech” from Pitchbook Source: PitchBook analyzes the $369 Billion Inflation Reduction Act.

“The bill increases the tax credits for carbon capture across the board and rewards the most difficult and valuable process, direct air capture and sequestration, with up to $180 per ton. Importantly, the rules are agnostic to the techniques involved.”

Full Article Below or Click Here to Visit Pitchbook.com

Pitchbook: Here's What Climate Tech Investors Think Of The Inflation Reduction Act

By James Thorne

August 5, 2022

When tech investor Abe Yokell heard about the $369 billion bill to fund climate investment in the US, he almost fell out of his seat.

Yokell, a managing partner at Congruent Ventures, wasn't alone. Climate tech investors and advocates were shocked by the agreement between Senators Joe Manchin and Chuck Schumer that, if passed, would be the largest investment in decarbonization the US has ever made.

Just weeks ago, the Democrats' push to fund climate initiatives seemed dead. Now, with Arizona Senator Kyrsten Sinema's support, the bill appears poised to pass.

If it does make it all the way to President Biden's desk, the package will supercharge an already strong environment for climate tech investment. US VC funding for climate tech has been on a tear in recent years, topping $16 billion in 2021, more than double the prior year, according to PitchBook data. And leading private equity firms from TPG to Brookfield Asset Management have raised billions to finance green projects.

"The Inflation Reduction Act is probably a bigger deal for our actual climate than it is for the climate tech community. But it's still a very big deal for the investing community," Yokell said.

Investors say the bill will reduce the green premium on pricey technologies, speed up the network effect of electric vehicles and renewable electricity, and provide capital that goes where VCs won't. In short, it's Christmas for climate tech.

At a high level, the bill aims to reduce energy costs and emissions, increase energy security, and invest in environmental justice and rural communities. The breadth of the spending provisions reflects this broad mandate.

Together, the combination of direct investment, tax credits and loan programs seek to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 40% of 2005 levels by 2030.

Risk and project capital moves technology from the lab to the pilot plant

Humans already have most of the technology we need to decarbonize the economy. But we don't have all of it. And some of the most ambitious and worthwhile efforts are hugely capital intensive and will take a decade or more to realize.

Those qualities mean plenty of early-stage projects are a bad fit for VC. But needless to say, the climate doesn't care about hurdle rates and holding periods.

The Inflation Reduction Act addresses the financing gap in a few ways. It allocates $2 billion to national labs for energy research. There's also $10 billion for investment tax credits to build cleantech manufacturing facilities, as well as several loan guarantee programs.

Combined, this money helps research projects become venture-backable businesses, and later-stage companies access non-equity capital to scale production.

"The ecosystem is healthy today, but it definitely needs more risk capital," said Dan Goldman, managing director at Clean Energy Ventures . "I think this bill has the potential to bring more technologies out of labs, universities and incubators, and get them ready for private sector funding."

Many green premiums are reduced, others are eliminated

The largest slugs of money are going to accelerate adoption of mature technologies like solar energy and electric vehicles. But there are also significant incentives for technologies that are in embryonic stages of development.

Two standout beneficiaries within the emerging tech set are carbon capture and low-carbon hydrogen production.

The bill increases the tax credits for carbon capture across the board and rewards the most difficult and valuable process, direct air capture and sequestration, with up to $180 per ton. Importantly, the rules are agnostic to the techniques involved.

"You need a way to kickstart those industries, and you want to do it in a way that is not necessarily technology specific," said Gabriel Kra, managing director and co-founder of Prelude Ventures .

Hydrogen producers are eligible for production tax credits of up to $3 per kilogram based on their emissions footprint. That goes a long way to making green hydrogen more competitive with hydrogen made from natural gas, which is cheap but carbon intensive.

Natural gas-derived hydrogen currently costs less than $2 per kilogram, whereas hydrogen made using renewable electricity and water costs between $3 and $8 per kilogram, according to the International Energy Agency.

With the right investment, some investors believe green hydrogen—which uses renewable electricity to mine hydrogen from water—can eventually fall below $2 per kilogram.

The network effect of clean technologies is expanded

One way to think of the bill's impact on emerging technologies is that it creates a network effect that will have second- and third-order effects for technologies that feed into that network, investors said.

Consider electric vehicles. Currently they represent about 5% of new car sales in the US. That share could rise rapidly in the coming years, both because of organic trends and the bill's many incentives for producers and consumers.

As electric vehicles increase, the infrastructure to support them grows in lockstep. That means better economics for charging networks, the potential for vehicle-to-grid energy storage and a more near-term need for battery recycling facilities.

The same is true for renewable energy and the grid. As more energy resources come online, the need for technology to connect and orchestrate them rises. That should benefit marketplaces of distributed energy resources, smart electric panels, software to orchestrate the electric grid and other nascent technologies.

"The smart, connected, cheap infrastructure deployment is going to enable the entire venture ecosystem to pile into this," Yokell said.

Long live carried interest

Carried interest, the cockroach of tax breaks, has survived another assault.

In a compromise to win the support of Arizona's Sinema, a provision that would have increased the holding period requirement to qualify for the lower carried interest tax rate was reportedly struck from the bill.

Put another way, large public corporations and their 15% minimum tax are paying for substantially all of the investment that will go toward avoiding the worst effects of climate change and allowing humanity to achieve economic growth without greenhouse gases.

Private fund managers keep their tax breaks but can't claim any of the credit. (Save those that invest in climate solutions.)

For what it's worth, none of the climate tech investors I spoke with raised concerns about the proposed carried interest change.

"I will lose every last penny of my carried interest for this climate bill," Yokell said.

To learn more about Proton Green, see our news release here .

US Shareholders Now Have Easier Access to VVC Shares as Trading Commences on the OTCQB Market

Fri, 29 Jul 2022 12:08:13 GMT

VVC Will be Listed Under the Symbol "VVCVF"

TORONTO, ONTARIO – July 29, 2022 - VVC Exploration Corporation, dba VVC Resources, ("VVC"), is pleased to announce that its common shares have been qualified for trading on the OTCQB Venture Market (“OTCQB”) in the United States and trading will commence under the symbol " VVCVF ", at the open of market on August 1, 2022. The Company’s common shares will continue to trade in its home jurisdiction on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol " VVC.V " as well.

"Trading on the OTCQB represents a significant step towards our larger business goals as it provides additional volume for VVC investors in both the United States and Canada by allowing U.S. investors to more easily access VVC shares," said Jim Culver, VVC President and CEO. "We look forward to aligning with a broader group of U.S. investors interested in growth-driven portfolios like ours."

Key Benefits of Joining the OTCQB:

Digitizes access to US public investors and regulated broker dealers making it seamless to purchase VVC stock in the US;
Allows VVC to combine trading volume on the OTCQB with the TSX, increasing activity for US and Canadian investors and making it easier to purchase the stock; and
Complies with our current regulators in Canada, allowing access to the US market without additional resources from our current team.

The OTCQB is a leading market for early-stage and developing U.S. and international companies operated by the OTC Markets Group Inc. To be eligible for quotation on the OTCQB, companies must be current in their reporting and undergo an annual verification and management certification process. Companies must also meet a minimum bid price test and other financial conditions. Recognized by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as an established public market, the OTCQB market will provide investors who cannot access trading on the TSX Venture Exchange with alternative access to VVC’s Shares through regulated U.S. broker-dealers.

View VVC info on OTC Markets at: https://www.otcmarkets.com/stock/VVCVF .

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX- V:VVC) [and on the US-based OTCQB (OTCQB:VVCVF)]. To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com.

VVC Portfolio Company, Proton Green, Plans for “Reverse Merger” with Nasdaq Listed Company

Thu, 21 Jul 2022 12:12:05 GMT

Poised To Be One of The Leading Helium and Hydrogen Production and Carbon Sequestration Hubs in North America

TORONTO, ONTARIO – July 21, 2022 - VVC Exploration Corporation (TSX:VVC), dba VVC Resources, ("VVC") announces that Proton Green, LLC. has entered into a non-binding term sheet ("Term Sheet") which contemplates the reverse merger ("Merger") with Schmitt Industries, Inc. (NASDAQ: SMIT) ("Schmitt"). VVC is a founding shareholder of Proton Green, which launched in 2021 and currently owns approximately 14% of Proton Green.

"I would like to congratulate our former VVC colleague Steve Looper on his tremendous work building Proton Green into a trailblazer in helium, carbon capture and the global energy transition," said Jim Culver, VVC President and CEO. " We are proud to have supported Proton Green in its start-up phase and be a part of its vision for a 'carbon negative future'. This is an eco-friendly project and great for VVC shareholders. "

Highlights:

Proton Green, led by Steve Looper, a former VVC team member, is one of the leading helium and hydrogen production and carbon sequestration hubs in North America.
As a founding shareholder, VVC currently owns 13.97% of Proton Green.
Proton Green was founded in 2021 based on the potential of the St. John’s Field which contains 33 billion cubic feet (“BCF”) of helium based on an independent third-party report (source: Proton Green website ).
Under the merger agreement with Schmitt, Proton Green would own 95% of the combined company. The Company would be renamed 'Proton Green Corporation' and the common stock would continue to trade on the Nasdaq under a new symbol.

The press release issued by Schmitt can be viewed at Cision PR Newswire . For more information on Proton Green, visit www.vvcresources.com/proton-green .

About VVC Resources

VVC engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy. Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects, comprising: Helium & industrial gas production in western U.S.; Copper & associated metals operations in northern Mexico; and Strategic investments in carbon sequestration and other green energy technologies. VVC is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC). To learn more, visit our website at: www.vvcresources.com .

About Proton Green

Proton Green, LLC, is a producer of helium and hydrogen, and is building out its position as a large carbon sequestration operator in North America. With operating control over the St. Johns Field, a 152,000-acre property in Apache Country, Arizona, Proton controls a helium reservoir and carbon storage basin. Helium remains in short supply and is used to cool magnets in MRI systems, as the temperate of silicon during semiconductor manufacturing, for space and satellite system applications, as well as in many other critical technologies. Carbon capture and sequestration is fast becoming a climate imperative, and Proton has the ability to inject up to 22 million metric tons of CO2 per year at its primary basin, and over one billion tons of total storage capacity. For more information, please see Proton’s website at: www.protongreen.com.

VVC Unveils New Look That Reflects Significant Growth

Wed, 06 Jul 2022 11:53:27 GMT

Brand Emphasizes Company’s Focus on “Resources for Tomorrow” and Expansion into Helium, Carbon Capture

VVC Exploration Corporation ("VVC" or the "Company") (TSX-V:VVC) is pleased to announce that it has rebranded its logo, messaging, and website to better illustrate the depth of the organization’s current business operations, and will be using a new trade name "VVC Resources" going forward.

"We think the updated brand represents where the Company is going, while keeping true to the expertise and work ethic that has gotten us to where we are today" said Jim Culver, VVC President and CEO. "I am proud of the team for their thoughtful work and see this as another step in our continued evolution and growth.”

Key Takeaway: The Company will now be known as VVC Resources for marketing and communication purposes but will maintain its legal name and stock symbol.

About VVC Resources

VVC Resources ("VVC") engages in the exploration, development, and management of natural resources - specializing in scarce and increasingly valuable materials needed to meet the growing, high-tech demands of industries such as manufacturing, technology, medicine, space travel, and the expanding green economy.

Our portfolio includes a diverse set of multi-asset, high-growth projects:

Helium & Other Industrial Gas production in western U.S.
Copper & Associated Metals operations in northern Mexico.
Carbon Capture and strategic investments in the energy transition sector.

VVC Resources is a Canada-based, publicly-traded company on the TSXV (TSX-V:VVC). To learn more, visit our website at: vvcresources.com .

VVC Confirms Helium Shows Of Up To 1.14% From Its Second Well In Syracuse Project

Wed, 29 Jun 2022 16:05:26 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation ("VVC" or the "Company") received the gas analysis from the Durler 2-21 well ("the Durler") (see news release of May 25, 2022 ), located in the Company's Syracuse Helium Project. Multiple gas samples from the well were sent to the lab for analysis, which confirmed the presence of 1.14% helium in a gas-stream that can be easily refined into high-grade sales quality helium. The Durler was already connected to VVC's helium & natural gas gathering system pipeline and to the Tumbleweed Pipeline and Processing Plant.

"As Chairman of the Board, I have seen the immense progress of the VVC team over the past year and am excited about continuing to develop the Company's helium assets," said Dr. Terrence Martell, Chairman of the VVC Board. "This gas analysis shows a helium percentage in the upper range for the area, reinforcing our confidence in the project."

Syracuse Project Highlights:

2 newly drilled and connected wells, Levens #2 and Durler 2-21;
6 drilled wells waiting for completion and connection to Internal Pipeline;
7 additional well sites currently permitted and prepped for drilling;
15 identified well sites currently being permitted;
50 additional potential well sites;
New leases continue to be added on an opportunistic basis.

ADDITIONAL ANNOUNCEMENTS:

Annual Shareholders Meeting

The Company's 2022 Annual General Meeting of shareholders (the "AGM") will be held virtually on Wednesday, August 31, 2022, at 10:00 am (ET), with a Record Date of July 19. Following the mailing of the Proxy Material to shareholders around July 26, shareholders will be able to download the Proxy Material, including the Information Circular Booklet, from www.sedar.com and/or from the Company's website.

Even though many of the Covid-19 restrictions have been lifted, this year's AGM will be a virtual-only meeting, there will be no In-Person voting at the AGM, and all voting must be by Proxy. The deadline for Proxy Voting will be 5:00 pm (ET) on Monday, August 29, 2022, but shareholders are encouraged to vote early. Registration will be required to attend the virtual AGM, either as a shareholder or a guest. Follow the instructions on the website or in the Information Circular. Following the formal business session, management will present an update on the activities and projects, and will be available to answer questions from shareholders, subject of course to respecting Securities Laws regarding "Selective Disclosure".

Loan Announcement

VVC has received a US$1.25M short-term loan facility from its Chairman of the Board. The loan is due on November 30, 2022 and bears interest at an annual rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus 2.75%. The loan is secured by a 0.5% interest in the Company's interest in Proton Green LLC.

This financing will allow the Company to accelerate and expand its current helium production while it develops additional areas in its Syracuse Project.

VVC Welcomes Leon Vijay Shivamber, Corporate Transformation Specialist, to Board of Directors

Wed, 01 Jun 2022 12:33:52 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") announces that Leon Shivamber has joined the Board of Directors.

"Mr. Shivamber complements our talented and distinguished Board of Directors, and we are proud to have him join us in our mission of building a strong and agile company – one that is positioned to capitalize on the demand for critical raw materials as we rapidly grow and evolve," said Terrence Martell, Chairman of the VVC Board. "Leon has long demonstrated a commitment to excellence through his various business roles and community volunteer efforts and brings added insights and new perspectives to the Board."

About Leon Shivamber

He is a transformation leader with more than three decades of successful transformations under his belt.

Leon learned about Strategy and Business Integrity during his years at McKinsey & Company, Change Management, and Rapid Transformation during his New York Consulting Partners years and High-Performance Acquisitions during his years at Arrow Electronics.

He spent five years leading the prize-winning Supply Chain and Operations transformation at then Harris Corporation (now L3 Harris Technologies).

For three years after that role, Leon extended and applied his transformation experience as a leader and general manager building an international joint venture in the Middle East.

Thereafter, Leon spent three years as CEO leading the vibrant UAE headquartered Atlas Group with strategic businesses in communications, defense, energy, food, healthcare, hospitality, public safety, and security. He also spent two additional years advising Atlas Group and other Middle-East-based corporations on their transformation efforts.

Since that time, Leon has returned to the United States and has been acting as a Senior Advisor to several corporate transformations.

Leon is a Fellow, Life Management Institute (FLMI), and a Trustee of the Board of Directors of Baruch College Fund.

VVC Engages Sproule Associates to Prepare NI 51-101 Report

Thu, 26 May 2022 12:45:19 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation ("VVC" or the "Company") announces the following:

NI 51-101 Reporting

VVC is required, pursuant to National Instrument 51-101 (NI 51-101), to report, on an annual basis, Reserves Data and Other Oil and Gas Information which are to be prepared by an independent Qualified Reserves Evaluator (QRE). VVC has engaged Sproule Associates Limited ("Sproule") of Calgary, Alberta to prepare the required reports. Sproule will work closely with Foreland Operating LLC., who is managing our gas operations in Kansas, to prepare an independent evaluation of the helium (He) and natural gas resources as at January 31, 2022, and carry-out any other work or activities required to prepare the reports. The NI 51-101 Reports will be filed on SEDAR as soon as finalized by Sproule.

Sproule, a global energy consulting firm recognized as having natural gas and helium expertise, provides technical and commercial knowledge to its clients.

Stockhouse Publishing

Pursuant to an arrangement with Stockhouse Publishing Ltd. ("Stockhouse") in August 2021, VVC intends to settle $15,000 of general market outreach and investor awareness services by the issuance of 150,000 shares at the price of $0.10 per share, being yesterday's market price discounted by 25%.

VVC Connects New Well and Completes Helium & Natural Gas Pipeline, Doubling Production Capacity

Wed, 25 May 2022 12:42:00 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") has completed its helium & natural gas gathering system pipeline ("Internal Pipeline"), adding 7 miles to the now 14-mile-long project, while increasing capacity from 50 to 100 wells.

VVC also confirms that it has connected another helium and natural gas well ("Wells"), the Durler 2-21 well to the Internal Pipeline. Located in Hamilton County, Kansas, the Durler 2-21 is part of the Company’s 16,400-acre Syracuse Project.

Syracuse Project Highlights:

2 newly drilled and connected Wells, Levens #2 (NR 31Mar2022) and Durler 2-21;
6 drilled Wells waiting for completion and connection to Internal Pipeline;
7 additional Well sites currently permitted and prepped for drilling;
15 identified Well sites currently being permitted;
50 additional potential Well sites;
New leases continuing to be added on an opportunistic basis.

VVC Significantly Increases Helium & Natural Gas Production Capabilities with New Seven-mile Pipeline

Mon, 09 May 2022 07:19:08 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") is pleased to announce that it has reached another significant milestone with the installation of 7 miles of its internal gathering system pipeline — a major infrastructure enhancement to the Company’s Syracuse Project. The new pipeline will seamlessly transport gas produced by the Company’s helium and natural gas wells ("Wells") to the Tumbleweed Midstream Ladder Creek Pipeline and for delivery to the Ladder Creek Helium Processing Plant in Cheyenne Wells, Colorado, where it will be processed into helium, natural gas, and natural gas liquids.

With this system in place, the Company expects to shortly begin the completion of seven already drilled Wells. The current capacity of the pipeline system is 50 Wells, however the Company plans to add additional capacity in the future.

"The completion of the internal gathering system represents a major step forward towards VVC becoming a significant producer of helium and natural gas," said Tony Beilman, Manager of Gas Operations and President of Foreland Operating . "With this strong foundation set, the Company can now increase scope and scale of both the gathering system and the number of wells in operation in the Syracuse Project."

More About the Syracuse Project:

1 newly drilled and connected helium Well: Levens #2 (NR 31Mar2022).
7 drilled helium Wells waiting for completion and connection to pipeline.
7 additional helium Well sites currently permitted and prepped for drilling.
15 identified Well sites currently being permitted.
50 additional potential Well sites.
16,400 acres located in Hamilton County, Kansas.
New leases continuing to be added on an opportunistic basis.

VVC Exploration Continues Expansion of Helium Portfolio, Acquiring New Gas Property in Kansas, U.S.

Wed, 06 Apr 2022 15:36:34 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V: VVC ) announces the addition of a new helium property in its recently acquired, wholly owned subsidiary, Plateau Helium Corporation ("PHC"), a Wyoming corporation. The transaction bolsters VVC’s ability to capitalize on the growing demand for helium, driven by increased global usage.

The property, known as the Monarch Lease, was purchased from Monarch Petroleum ("MP") at a nominal cost and a commitment to recommence production, with MP retaining a 3% royalty in the shallow well rights from surface to 3100 feet (the "Shallow Rights") and a 50% non-operated working interest in the deep oil and gas rights below 3100 feet (the "Deep Rights"). In addition to the 3% royalty, standard industry royalties of 12.5% are payable to arm's length land owners from the proceed of any production.

The Monarch Lease is a 1,720-acre property that is located in the Byerly Field in Greely County, Kansas and includes six formerly producing gas wells that are still connected to the Tumbleweed Midstream pipeline. All wells produced both methane and helium. PHC believes that production on these wells can be restarted with only minor re-work. Re-work on the Byerly field will commence immediately with the current expectation that the existing wells can be fully operational within 60 days.

“This Monarch Lease acquisition is a tremendous success for the PHC as it represents the second phase of its expanding helium and gas portfolio” said Bill Kerrigan, President of PHC. “Combined with the Syracuse Helium Project, PHC's properties now cover almost 15,000 acres, which is sufficient to address the short-term goal of bringing existing wells into production.”

The Byerly Field is near PHC’s 13,000-acre flagship Syracuse Helium Project, known as the Syracuse Field (see News Release of January 27, 2021). Currently, PHC is reworking existing wells on the Syracuse Field and plans to drill new wells in Q2 of 2021.

PHC owns a 100% operated working interest in the Shallow Rights of Monarch Lease and a 50% operated working interest in Deep Rights, subject of course to the royalties. In the deep zone, MP will be required to contribute 50% of any expenses toward developing those areas.

VVC Connects First Helium Well

Thu, 31 Mar 2022 07:19:08 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") is pleased to announce that it has successfully completed and connected its first helium well in the Syracuse Project, known as the Levens #2, to Tumbleweed Midstream’s Ladder Creek Pipeline (the "Pipeline"). The Pipeline transports gas to the Ladder Creek Helium Processing Plant in Cheyenne Wells, Colorado.

Located in Hamilton County, Kansas, the Levens #2 is part of the Company’s 16,400-acre Syracuse Project. The Levens #2 was successfully drilled to a depth of 2,478 feet and encountered multiple gas zones. Following a period of clean-up and additional analysis over 30-45 days, our technical team will report on the average flow rates, helium percentages and economic viability of this well. This data is expected to be announced when it becomes available in early to mid-May.

"The connection of the Levens #2 well to the Ladder Creek Pipeline is the culmination of a tremendous amount of work by VVC’s helium team and represents an inflection point for VVC’s helium business. The Syracuse Project wells are the foundation for, and the beginning of, the massive growth in helium production, anticipated to occur by year’s end. We are particularly happy with the platform for growth that our professional team has built," commented Jim Culver, VVC President and CEO.

The Syracuse Project is one of the Company’s four helium projects, aggregating to approximately 41,000 acres leased, with leasing continuing.

Stockhouse Publishing

Pursuant to an arrangement with Stockhouse Publishing Ltd. ("Stockhouse") in August 2021, Stockhouse is assisting VVC with general market outreach and investor awareness as VVC continues to grow its investor base. This arrangement provided VVC with access to over 30 different marketing tools focused on editorial, brand awareness and amplifying news on VVC, in order to reach a larger investor audience. Stockhouse provided us with the opportunity to reach out to the investment community, and create a platform to educate and inform our investors in a more personal manner about the Company's projects.

As provided in the Agreement, VVC intends to settle, as a third tranche, $15,000 of the amount owing for services by the issuance of 125,000 shares at the price of $0.120 per share, being yesterday's market price discounted by 25%. Two other share issuances will occur in three and six months for the remaining $30,000.

"The connection of the Levens #2 well to the Ladder Creek Pipeline is the culmination of a tremendous amount of work by VVC’s helium team and represents an inflection point for VVC’s helium business. The Syracuse Project wells are the foundation for, and the beginning of, the massive growth in helium production, anticipated to occur by year’s end. We are particularly happy with the platform for growth that our professional team has built."

- Jim Culver, VVC President and CEO.

VVC Applies for Trading on the OTCQB Market in the United States

Mon, 28 Mar 2022 07:19:08 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") announces that it has made an application for the trading of its common shares on the OTCQB Venture Market (“OTCQB”) in the United States ("U.S."). The application is moving towards the final stages of the process, and we will continue to keep Shareholders informed on the progress in a timely basis.

The Company's common shares are listed on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol "VVC" and is current trading in the U.S. on the Pink Sheets under the symbol "VVCVF", having been upgraded from the Grey Market.

Management believes that a further upgrade to the OTCQB Market would represent a significant step towards our larger business goals and would provide additional liquidity to the VVC shares allowing U.S. investors easier trading options.

The OTCQB is a leading market for early-stage and developing U.S. and international operated by the OTC Markets Group Inc. For our application to be successful, VVC must be current in its reporting obligations, undergo a verification and management certification process, meet a minimum bid price test and other financial conditions. The OTCQB market is recognized by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as an established public market, and will provide investors who cannot access trading on the TSX Venture Exchange with alternative access to VVC’s Shares through regulated U.S. broker-dealers.

VVC Engages Foreland Operating to Manage Helium Production

Tue, 25 Jan 2022 17:09:28 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V:VVC) is pleased to announce that its wholly owned subsidiary Plateau Helium Corporation (“ PHC ”) has engaged Foreland Operating, a battle-tested field management team, to manage the day-to-day helium operations going forward.

“Bringing on such an experienced team not only allows us to expand scope and scale, but also enables us to do so at a greatly accelerated pace,” said Jim Culver, VVC President and CEO . “Their impressive resume speaks for itself, and we look forward to working collaboratively with this group as we continue to build on the momentum we have been creating over the past year.”

About Foreland Operating: A Texas based upstream oil and gas operating company whose principals have a combined 60 plus years of experience with a proven track record of successful full-cycle development in a range of international settings and in negotiating high value monetization of world class resources, both conventional and unconventional. The long-tenured team has been operating in many of the premiere U.S. basins including the Barnett Shale, the Marcellus Shale and the Permian Basin having drilled over 500 vertical and horizontal oil and gas wells. Foreland Operating’s strength in efficiencies is through their use of state-of-the-art technology and its priority on stakeholder partnerships.

Foreland Operating’s multifaceted, innovative team specializes in systematic operations improvements that lead to maximum resource recovery at minimum cost. Their team has a track record of fast rates of vertical penetration, significantly reducing cycle time, with a 100% improvement in drilled feet per day - going from 1,500 ft in 2017 to 3,100 ft in 2020.

Tony Beilman, President of Foreland Operating stated, “After reviewing PHC’s properties and their strategy, we felt that our involvement was the perfect fit for the next phase of PHC’s growth. PHC is ready and well suited to fill a void that remains largely unaddressed.”

Foreland Operating Leadership:

Tony Beilman, PE - President (40 Years’ Experience)

District Completion Engineer Phillips Petroleum (ConocoPhillips) Panhandle.
Engineering and Operations Manager at Phillips Petroleum, AOCO, managing a 50+ well drilling program, two water floods and extensive workover campaigns in the Permian Basin subsequent asset sales (Totaling $42M).
Founder of Foreland Operating (formerly Novus Operating) providing contract operating services that included David Arrington Oil and Gas Barnett development and subsequent asset sales (totaling $742M across two transactions), Primex Energy Barnett development and asset sale ($48M), Marcellus Asset (Novus Operating) development ($150M), Permian Basin asset development and subsequent asset sale of $130M. Managed the selection, drilling, completion, facility and pipeline design and operation of horizontal wells in Midland Basin, Eagle Ford, San Juan Basin, Panhandle, OK, KS, TX, Eastern Colorado.

About PHC

VVC’s wholly owned subsidiary is dedicated to the production of helium in the United States with properties in Kansas and Colorado.

Strategy: Lease properties that have at least one well that was previously drilled, completed, tested, showed for 2% or more of helium, and was plugged but not produced (mostly because at the time of the drilling, there were no processing facilities available). Generally, each leased block has the potential to add a minimum of four more wells. This strategy dramatically reduces the risk of drilling dry holes.

Major Helium Projects & Acreage Summary:

Syracuse: 16,800
Monarch: 1,600
Syracuse Extension Kansas: more than 11,000
Syracuse Extension Colorado: 27,180
PHC is finalizing a development contract with a major mineral owner for an additional 60,000 acres in the State of Colorado.

VVC To Issue Additional Shares to Stockhouse

Fri, 03 Dec 2021 17:40:51 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the "Company") (TSX-V:VVC) announces the following:

Pursuant to an arrangement with Stockhouse Publishing Ltd. ("Stockhouse") in August 2021, Stockhouse is assisting VVC with general market outreach and investor awareness as the Company continues to grow its investor base.

At the time, the Company issued to Stockhouse 157,900 common shares of VVC and a $60,000 Note to be converted into shares in four tranches over a year. With the approval of the TSX Venture Exchange, one quarter of the note ($15,000) will now be converted, as part of the second tranche, to 136,365 shares at the price of $0.11 per share, being yesterday's market price discounted by 25%. The next share issuance will occur in three months.

Stockhouse is providing VVC the opportunity to reach out to the investment community, and create a platform to educate and inform our investors in a more personal manner about VVC's Helium project in the USA and the Gloria Pilot Mine copper project in Mexico.

The Securities to be issued pursuant to the transaction will be subject to the applicable statutory, exchange and regulatory hold period of four months and any other required resale restrictions.

VVC’s PHC Engages Lee Keeling and Associates to Conduct NI 51-101 Helium Resource Property Evaluations of PHC’s Four Helium Projects

Tue, 05 Oct 2021 12:52:19 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V:VVC) is pleased to announce that its wholly owned subsidiary Plateau Helium Corporation ("PHC") has commissioned a National Instrument 51-101 ("NI 51-101") compliant report (the "NI 51-101 Report") on its four (4) helium projects in Kansas and Colorado, USA.

Engagement of Lee Keeling and Associates

PHC has engaged Lee Keeling and Associates ("Keeling") of Tulsa Oklahoma, an oil and gas engineering consulting firm with specialized expertise in helium, to complete an evaluation of PHC’s helium assets. This evaluation will be carried out in accordance with the requirements of NI 51-101 in Canada. The results of the evaluation will be published in an NI 51-101 Report which, when finalized, will be filed on SEDAR ( www.sedar.com ), where it will be available for download by shareholders. The NI 51-101 Report will help PHC in its strategic decision making and management of the helium business, as well as providing the Company’s investors, and the market, a view of the Company’s helium assets through a third-party expert.

Keeling will consult on the well completions and testing programs, and will also prepare an independent evaluation of the existing producing wells, the historic non-producing wells and as well as an overview of the Company’s helium lease acreage. In addition, Keeling will create a format for evaluating and updating PHC’s helium resource as more leases are added and wells are drilled.

Keeling is a Qualified Person as such term is defined in NI 51-101.

VVC Chairman TM said: "We are particularly excited to have a third-party review of the projects in Plateau Helium, so that we will be able to effectively communicate the tremendous potential value we see in these projects."

PHC's Four Existing Helium Projects

PHC now has four (4) helium projects to be evaluated by Keeling. These projects cover an aggregate of approximately forty thousand (40,000) acres in: Syracuse (PHC’s original project), Monarch, Syracuse Extension Kansas, and Syracuse Extension Colorado. In addition to the core acreage in these projects, the Company will continue to add properties to each.

About National Instrument 51-101 ( NI 51-101 )

NI 51-101, Standards of Disclosure for Oil and Gas Activities, requires all Canadian reporting issuers engaged in oil and gas activities to provide disclosure of their estimated oil and natural gas reserves, and related future net revenue, on an annual basis. In addition, NI 51-101 permits reporting issuers to disclose estimates of resources (other than reserves) provided that such disclosure satisfies the requirements of NI 51-101. This requires that all estimates of reserves, resources, and values attributable to reserves or resources that are disclosed, must be prepared or audited in accordance with the Canadian Oil and Gas Evaluation Handbook ("COGE Handbook").

About Lee Keeling and Associates

Lee Keeling and Associates (Keeling) are international consultants providing confidential advice on all segments of the petroleum industry, international and domestic, since 1957. They provide their clients with a product that incorporates knowledgeable geologic, engineering and economic evaluations from which they can make sound and dependable business decisions. Keeling’s staff is proficient in the use of professionally accepted evaluation procedures and engineering practices using a wide-range of software to produce specialized services and reports tailored to clients need. Services include: oil and gas (including helium) reserve estimates, oil and gas (including helium) appraisals, CO2 sequestration feasibility studies, PHMSA audit preparation, gas storage studies, water flood studies, expert witness testimony, oil and gas pipeline feasibility studies, drilling and development programs, and formation evaluation. They are also well versed in reservoir analysis, unitization studies, fluid injection programs, enhanced recovery, horizontal drilling, and deliverability studies, and subsurface fluid disposal.

VVC’s PHC Drills the First Two New Wells in its Syracuse Project - Contracts Given for the Syracuse Project Gas Gathering System

Tue, 28 Sep 2021 13:06:59 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V:VVC) is pleased to announce that its wholly owned subsidiary Plateau Helium Corporation (PHC) has drilled two new gas wells on the Syracuse Project, each of which showed two zones of helium gas. PHC has contracted with TMI Solutions, LLC for engineering and with Eatherly Constructors, Inc to build an internal gas gathering system for the Syracuse Project. PHC continues to acquire additional helium lease acreage as it expands its footprint in the helium business and commences commercial helium and natural gas production at the Syracuse Project.

Incredible Progress by PHC

VVC President Jim Culver took the opportunity to praise the PHC team for the incredible business progress since VVC took over PHC. "These two wells mark the beginning of commercial helium and natural gas production in our Syracuse Project. Eight (8) more wells are permitted and being prepped for drilling. In addition to the four (4) helium projects that PHC now has, it continues to look for opportunities in the helium sector. I want to thank the Team for their hard work and VVC’s investors and shareholders for supporting this transformative effort."

He also noted that VVC recently acquired an investment position in a promising startup resource company, Plateau Carbon LLC (PCL). PCL has since acquired a large industrial gas lease holding that includes carbon dioxide ("CO2"), nitrogen and helium. Plateau Carbon's primary purpose is the geologic sequestration of CO2 in an effort to aid in the reduction of US carbon emissions. The secondary focus is the production and sale of helium.

Commencement of Commercial Production on Syracuse Project

The Durler 2-21 is the first new well drilled on the Syracuse Project and two gas zones were encountered. One zone was perforated and flowed gas while and the second zone indicates gas but has not yet been tested. The well will be completed and connected to the pipeline as soon as the internal gas gathering system connection is available, sometime in Q4, 2021.

PHC’s second Syracuse well is the Levens #2. The same two gas zones were encountered in Levens #2 as in the Durler 2-21. This well was perforated in the same zone as the Durler 2-21 and also flowed gas. And like the Durler 2-21, an additional zone indicative of gas production was encountered which has not yet been perforated. Levens #2 is located very near the Tumbleweed pipeline and is scheduled to be completed, tested and connected to the Tumbleweed pipeline by mid-October.

Site preparation has begun on 8 additional newly permitted Syracuse well locations with drilling to commence in Mid-October 2021 and be completed in December 2021. PHC expects to have a total of ten (10) new wells completed and producing in the Syracuse Project by the end of December of 2021.

The Company also plans to drill twenty (20) additional new wells in Syracuse in the first half of 2022.

Syracuse Internal Gathering System and Tumbleweed Pipeline Connection

PHC has contracted with TMI Solutions, LLC for engineering and Eatherly Constructors for construction of an internal gas gathering system in the Syracuse project. The core of this gathering system will start at the Levens #2 well and connect the Durler 2-21 and the eight (8) other wells to be drilled before the end 2021, in an approximately 15-mile system. This Syracuse Gathering System will provide convenient connector points for balance of the 160 potential well sites in the Syracuse Project.

Continued Acreage Acquisition and Expansion of Syracuse Extension

PHC’s Syracuse Extension has been divided into two separate projects. The first, includes leases in two (2) counties in Western Kansas, now referred to by the Company as Syracuse Extension Kansas; the second includes leases in four (4) counties in Eastern Colorado now referred to by the Company as Syracuse Extension Colorado. Historically, the leases in these two projects was evaluated by proximity to historical wells that tested helium rich natural gas. Because of low natural gas prices at the time of drilling, and lack of access to helium processing these wells were not completed, nor put into production, and were subsequently plugged.

PHC's Helium Projects

PHC now has four (4) helium projects, presently covering an aggregate of approximately forty thousand (40,000) acres: the original Syracuse Project, Monarch Project, Syracuse Extension Kansas, and Syracuse Extension Colorado. Upon completion of the core leasing, the total leases in these four (4) projects is expected to be over seventy-five thousand (75,000) acres with over six hundred (600) potential well locations. In addition to the core acreage in each of these projects, the Company will continue to add properties to each project on an "as available" basis.

The Syracuse Project initially consisted of 13,440 acres of gas leases located in Hamilton County, Kansas. PHC continues to add to the leased acreage on an opportunistic basis with the present total standing at over 16,000 acres. This project is the focus of PHC’s initial new well drilling and production campaign. Two (2) new wells have been drilled, and are awaiting testing, completion and pipeline connection. Eight (8) more well sites have been permitted and site work has begun. Drilling is scheduled to begin in mid-October with completion, including pipeline connection, before year end. The first new well is expected to be connected to the pipeline in October.

The Monarch Project consists of 1,600 acres of gas leases located in Greeley County, Kansas with six existing wells that are in the late stages of their productive life. At this time, five (5) of these previously producing wells have been re-connected to the pipeline and are producing helium rich gas. The focus in this Project is the 14 additional potential well locations which are conveniently located for connection to the Tumbleweed pipeline.

Syracuse Extension Kansas’s initial targeted acreage was 8,540 acres of which 3,320 acres have completed leases and still 5,220 acres are in process. The targeted acreage has twenty-four (24) wells on acreage already leased and 17 on acreage, in process, that were previously drilled and tested helium rich natural gas but were plugged for lack of a viable market. Other acreage will be added to this Project as it is available. The project with its present leased acreage has 138 potential well locations. Initial new well drilling is scheduled to commence in Syracuse Extension Kansas in Q4 of 2021. Six wells are currently in the process of being permitted.

Syracuse Extension Colorado has now leased 17,747 acres of its targeted core of 20,187. In addition, PHC is completing a development contract with a major mineral owner for an additional 28,160 acres. There are a total of 28, tested but not producing wells in the project. The Company expects to complete this leasing and contracting by the end of October. PHC has begun the permitting process for the first Syracuse Extension Colorado wells and expects to drill the first well in Q1 2022.

Helium Value

Helium prices and demand have continued to increase as the US Strategic Helium Reserve has been depleted. In addition to the more traditional uses in welding and industrial processing, helium is a key item in high tech manufacturing, medical devices and space programs.

Global Investment Daily described the ' Helium Boom that is about to take off in 2021 ' ( https://globalinvestmentdaily.com/the-helium-boom-is-about-to-take-off-in-2021 ) and price wise it certainly has. Long term contract prices for helium (five-year and ten-year contracts) have increased by as much as 25% during 2021, and spot prices in some cases appear to have doubled, making helium one of the most profitable commodity products in the last five years. Even at the low end of the range for the projected five-year average price for helium, PHC could have a significant profit margin on its helium business based on the costs to date for drilling and servicing wells and the existing contract price for helium.

A few companies are now pursuing helium production, but the areas where commercial helium wells have been found are limited. PHC has been aggressively acquiring lease acreage in areas where there has been past production of helium, to allow the Company to grow its helium business rapidly.

PHC’s helium business has the potential to become highly profitable if it can ramp up commercial production over the next 24 months and continues to acquire leases that have a high likelihood of profitable helium production.

VVC Drilling Wells on Plateau Helium's Syracuse Property

Thu, 19 Aug 2021 13:23:31 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V:VVC) is pleased to announce the following updates from Plateau Helium Corporation (PHC), VVC’s wholly owned helium exploration and production company:

Drilling on the first new Syracuse well, Durler 2-21, began on August 2nd with drilling completed on August 12th. The well was drilled to a depth of 5,500 ft and encountered 2 gas zones that showed helium. The well completion, perforation, well-head installation, and attachment to the pipeline for commencement of production will occur in approximately 2 weeks.

Drilling of a second Syracuse well, Levens 2, began on August 14th and is expected to be completed on August 22nd. The well completion, perforation, well-head installation, and attachment to the pipeline will begin shortly after.

Drilling of a third Syracuse well is scheduled to begin on August 24th.

All potentially productive gas zones encountered during the drilling of these wells will be evaluated. If a firm pattern is established one or more additional rigs may be added.

VVC President Jim Culver commented, "With the drilling of these wells, we are getting closer to generating positive cash flows from the helium business. This is the Company’s immediate goal, as it will help provide funding to the Company's other projects."

VVC Exploration - Results of Annual Shareholders' Meeting and Option Grant

Thu, 19 Aug 2021 13:11:10 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V:VVC) announces the following.

Shareholders' Meeting

The Company's virtual Annual General Meeting of Shareholders ("AGM”) took place virtually earlier today. At the AGM, shareholders unanimously approved the election of all Directors proposed by Management and the re-appointment of MNP LLP as auditors of the Company.

The formal business session of the AGM, was chaired by the Chairman of the Board, Terrence Martell. A Presentation and Q&A Session followed, whereby the President and CEO of the Company, Jim Culver, updated the attendees on the status of the Company.

The Formal Business session and the Presentation session of the AGM were recorded and will be posted on the Company website, as soon as possible.

In Board Meeting following the AGM, the Directors reappointed the following executive officers for VVC and the Chairman of the Board of Directors:

Jim Culver, President and CEO
Terrence Martell, Chairman of the Board
Kevin Barnes, Chief Financial Officer
Michel Lafrance, Secretary-Treasurer

VVC Chairman, Terrence Martell, commented, "On behalf of Management and the Directors, I wish to thank our shareholders for their loyal support throughout the past year, and we look forward to serving you for another year."

Option Grant

The Directors also granted incentive stock options under its stock option plan, to officers, directors and consultants of the Company, to purchase up to an aggregate of 14,750,000 common shares, representing 2.96%% of the outstanding shares of the Company. The stock options are exercisable at a price of CA$0.14 per share expiring August 19, 2031. Pursuant to the TSX Venture Exchange policies, the exercise price was fixed at the minimum allowable price. The options, granted in accordance with the provisions of the Company's stock option plan, are subject to the TSX Venture Exchange policies and the applicable securities laws. Of the Options granted, 55.9% were to directors, 23.7% to Officers and 20.3% to Employees/Consultants of the Company.

VVC Announces Stockhouse Client Services Agreement and Debt Conversion

Fri, 13 Aug 2021 13:26:44 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the "Company") (TSX-V:VVC) announces the following:

VVC finalized a Client Services Agreement with Stockhouse Publishing Ltd. ("Stockhouse"), whereby Stockhouse will assist VVC with general market outreach and investor awareness as the Company continues to achieve important milestones and grow its investor base over the next 12 months. VVC will have access to over 30 different marketing tools focused on editorial, brand awareness and amplifying news on VVC. Using these Stockhouse tools, a larger investor audience can become aware of VVC.

The engagement with Stockhouse is for a 12-month term. All content produced will be published on the Stockhouse websites and further featured through the Stockhouse distribution platform. The total cost for Stockhouse's Services for 12 months is CA$100,000, of which $25,000 will be paid in cash and $75,000 will be settled by the issuance of common shares ("Shares") of the Company in 5 tranches over 12 months ("Shares for Services").

The first tranche will comprise of the issuance of 157,900 shares at $0.095 per Share or $15,000 in aggregate on the First Closing. The Company will issue a Note for the remaining $60,000 which will be converted into shares over the next four tranches. The number of shares to be issued over the next four Closings will equate to $15,000 divided by market price of the Company’s shares on the day of issuance discounted by 25% (discount decreases if share price exceeds $0.50). The share issuance is expected to occur every three months following the First Closing, after the services have been rendered.

"We are excited about this new arrangement with Stockhouse and the opportunity it will bring to the investment community," said VVC Chairman, Terrence Martell, "as it creates a platform for us to educate and inform our investors in a more personal manner about VVC's Helium project expansion in the USA and the development of the Gloria Pilot Mine copper project in Mexico.”

In addition to the Shares for Services transaction, VVC also wishes to settle an aggregate of CA$35,725 of indebtedness owing to the CEO of the Company by the issuance 376,053 Shares at $0.095 per Share ("Shares for Debt"). The Issuances of the Shares for Debt will occur also at the First Closing.

The total number of Shares to be issued at the First Closing will be 533,953. The Shares for Services and Shares for Debt settlements will allow the Company to conserve its cash on hand which is already otherwise committed.

Both transactions are subject to acceptance of the TSX Venture Exchange. The Securities to be issued pursuant to the transaction will be subject to the applicable statutory, exchange and regulatory hold period of four months and any other required resale restrictions. None of the Securities to be issued hereunder have been and/or will be registered under the US Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or any state securities laws.

About Stockhouse Ltd.

Stockhouse Publishing Ltd. (www.https://stockhouse.com) is a leading financial media company that serves public companies, financial institutions, media publishers, and brand advertisers. Stockhouse members have access to a wide range of world class products and tools including portfolio managers, subscription-based expert newsletters, Stockhouse Bullboards, blogs and social networking tools to help navigate their investment options. With over 9 million unique visitors annually, Stockhouse is Canada's #1 financial portal and one of North America's largest small-cap investor communities.

VVC Announces Debt Conversion and Details of Upcoming AGM

Fri, 09 Jul 2021 14:30:57 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the "Company") (TSX-V: VVC ) announces the following:

Annual Shareholders Meeting

The Company's 2021 Annual General Meeting of shareholders (the "AGM") will be held virtually on Thursday, August 19, 2021 at 10:00 am, with a Record Date of July 7. Following the mailing of the Proxy Material to shareholders around July 15, shareholders will be able to download the Proxy Material, including the Information Circular Booklet, from www.sedar.com and/or from the Company's website at www.vvcexpl.com/shareholder-meeting . Due the Pandemic, there will be no In-Person voting at the AGM and voting must be by Proxy. The deadline for Proxy Voting will be 10 am on Wednesday, August 17, 2020, but shareholders are encouraged to vote early. Registration will be required to attend the virtual AGM, either as a shareholder or a guest. Follow the instructions on the website or in the Information Circular.

Following the formal business session, management will present an update on the activities and projects, and will be available to answer questions from shareholders, subject of course to respecting Securities Laws regarding “Selective Disclosure”.

Debt Conversion

VVC recently entered into agreements to settle an aggregate of $110,725 of indebtedness by the issuance 1,165,526 common shares ("Share") of the Company at $0.095 per share. One insider, the CEO of the Company, is participating by converting CA$35,725 (US$28,500) owed to him.to receive 376,053 shares. This will allow the Company to conserve its cash on hand which is already committed.

The transaction is subject to acceptance of the TSX Venture Exchange. All shares to be issued pursuant to the offering will be subject to the applicable statutory, exchange and regulatory hold period of four months and any other required resale restrictions. The shares to be issued have not and will not be registered under the US Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or any state securities laws.

VVC Grows Helium Lease Portfolio to 20,000 Acres with Potential for 214 Well Locations

Thu, 08 Jul 2021 14:37:29 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V: VVC ) is pleased to announce the acquisition of additional acreage of property by its subsidiary, Plateau Helium Corporation ("PHC"), as it continues to expand its foothold on the burgeoning market for helium.

Acquisition of Syracuse Extension

Nine (9) additional leases, totaling 4,640 acres, were acquired on its Syracuse Extension Project. Historically, each of these leases were evaluated by the drilling of a well that tested natural gas containing helium. Because of low helium and natural gas prices at the time of drilling, these wells were not completed, nor put into production, and were later subsequently plugged. The newly acquired 4,640 acres of gas leases allow for the drilling of as many as thirty-six (36) additional wells. The acquisition of the first Syracuse Extension property, the Cox S-1, was reported on April 29, 2021 . When leasing of the Syracuse Extension Project is completed, total aggregate acreage under lease is expected to be over 42,000 acres in these three projects with as many as 342 potential well locations.

PHC's Helium Projects

PHC now has three (3) helium projects, covering an aggregate of approximately 20,000 acres: Syracuse (original project), Monarch Project, and Syracuse Extension Project.

The Syracuse Project consists of 13,440 acres of gas leases located within Hamilton County, Kansas developed with the drilling of five wells several years ago. All wells tested natural gas containing helium at that time, but because of low helium prices, they were never completed and produced. Currently, one well has been reworked and is now producing helium rich natural gas ( June 16, 2021 NR ). The Syracuse Project represents a total of 164 potential well locations.

The Monarch Project consists of 1,600 acres of gas leases located within Greeley County, Kansas with six existing wells. At this time, four (4) wells are producing and two (2) others are awaiting re-work and there are14 additional potential well locations.

Leasing continues on the Syracuse Extension Project located in eastern Colorado and western Kansas. This Project targets a leasing goal of 26,200 acres defined by forty-two historical wells that previously tested helium rich natural gas, but were never completed nor put into production. There are 164 potential well locations in the Syracuse Extension Project.

Other projects continue to be evaluated.

Producing Wells

Five (5) wells are now producing, and two (2) are in rework.

PHC is now selling helium and associated natural gas from five existing wells: four (4) located on the Monarch Project, and one (1) on Syracuse Project ( June 16, 2021 NR ).

Two (2) additional shut-in Monarch Project wells are awaiting re-work and the return to producing status.

Drilling of New Wells

Guiding exploration on both the Syracuse and Syracuse Extension Projects, is the data from a number of previously drilled wells that tested natural gas containing helium, but were subsequently plugged and abandoned. As previously mentioned, one well on the Syracuse Project well was reworked and is now producing gas that last tested +1% helium. Based on this success, PHC is convinced of the potential of other abandoned wells and new wells. Results may differ from anticipated results for various reasons.

The Durler 2-21 will be the initial new well to be drilled on the Syracuse Project and is projected to be drilled to the Wabaunsee Formation at a depth of 5,500 ft. All potentially productive gas zones encountered during the drilling of this well will be evaluated. A drill rig is currently contracted to start development of the Syracuse Project soon. Other rigs may be added later, as needed.

The Syracuse Extension Project is based on the positive test of 36 wells drilled in a five-county area of eastern Colorado and western Kansas. Most of the wells were drilled to the Morrow Formation in search of oil reserves. At the time, many of the wells that encountered gas were simply plugged and abandoned.

Drilling of the new wells on Syracuse Extension Project is expected to start by the end of July 2021. A drill rig that could complete 2 wells per month has been contracted for this project. Other rigs may be added later, as needed.

VVC President Jim Culver commented, "Generating positive cash flows from the helium business is the Company’s immediate goal. This will help provide funding to support the Company's other projects."

VVC Announces First Helium Production and Sales, Marking Major Milestone for Company

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 14:57:57 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation ("VVC" or the "Company") (TSX-V: VVC ) announced that its wholly owned subsidiary, Plateau Helium Corporation ("PHC"), has begun producing helium from five (5) wells located on two (2) of PHC’s properties. PHC is also already selling helium and methane into the market through the Ladder Creek Helium Processing Plant ("Ladder Creek Plant") via the Tumbleweed Midstream Pipeline system ("Tumbleweed Pipeline").

Four of PHC’s five wells were acquired from Monarch Petroleum and are located in the Byerly Gas Field, and are past producers. The fifth producing well is on an adjacent property previously added to the Syracuse Helium Project. These five wells are now producing and are connected to the Tumbleweed Pipeline which transports the gas to the Ladder Creek Plant for sale into the market.

"We are extremely excited that VVC has transitioned from an exploration and development company to a production, development and exploration company," VVC Chairman Terrence Martell commented. "Step one was the acquisition of PHC late last year. Today, we are announcing the completion of step two: bringing the first wells into production and selling helium and methane gases. The Company is now focused on step three: production expansion and profitability which we expect in the very near future. Generating revenue has always been our goal and we are pleased to add this new segment to our portfolio, while we continue to drive our copper exploration and development program in Mexico."

Other producing wells should be added later this quarter.

Producing Wells:

a) Syracuse Project Extension - Levens 2-31: PHC acquired the Levens 2-31 well and an additional 640 acres as an extension to its existing Syracuse Project leases in Hamilton County, Kansas. Originally drilled in 1987 by Dome Petroleum Corporation and completed in the Chase Group gas zone at 2,393 – 2,400 feet. After encountering mechanical problems, the well was shut-in in 2016 and has remained so until acquired by PHC.

Plateau moved a workover rig to the well and successfully resolved the problems with the well. The wellhead and meter were repaired and electric service was restored. Subsequently, the well was turned on and it immediately showed a casing pressure of 55 psi. The well was then opened to the Tumbleweed Pipeline which transports the helium rich gas to the Ladder Creek Helium plant. Note, that in 2008, based on a Shamrock Gas Analysis, the Levens 2-31 well produced gas with a 1.273% helium concentration.

b) Monarch Petroleum Wells: PHC acquired the Kansas assets of Monarch Petroleum Corporation in April 2021 ( see News Release ). These assets include six fully equipped wells located within the Byerly Field, in Greeley County, Kansas. These wells were shut-in by the previous operator because of low gas prices and have remained so until acquired by PHC.

PHC made minor repairs to four of the six wells and restored electric power service. These wells are also connected to the Tumbleweed Pipeline and have begun producing helium rich gas which is being delivered to the Ladder Creek Plant for processing.

VVC Exploration Adds New Property in Colorado, Further Growing Helium Portfolio

Mon, 19 Apr 2021 15:23:15 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V: VVC ) announces the addition of a new gas property in its wholly owned subsidiary, Plateau Helium Corporation ("PHC"), a Wyoming corporation. The transaction bolsters VVC’s helium portfolio and its ability to capitalize on the growing demand for helium, driven by increased global usage.

The property, known as the Syracuse Extension 1, was purchased at a nominal cost and a commitment to commence production, with the seller retaining a 2% royalty in the property. In addition to the 2% royalty, standard industry royalties of 12.5% are payable to arm's length land owners from the proceeds of any production. PHC owns a 100% operated working interest in the Syracuse Extension 1 lease subject to the royalties.

Extension 1 is a 320-acre property located in Cheyenne County, Colorado and includes 2 gas wells drilled in 1989-1990 which were never put into production. This property is adjacent to the Tumbleweed Midstream pipeline which is linked to a helium processing plant. Both wells contain methane and helium. At the time of drilling, one well had tested over 2,000 mcf per day and the other, over 3,000 mcf per day, of helium rich gas. These historical results have not been verified by PHC or any other independent party.

Jim Culver, VVC’s CEO stated that "This lease acquisition adds to the more than 15,000 acres of Syracuse and Monarch leases in the PHC portfolio. It represents the Company’s opportunistic strategy of acquiring selective potential helium properties which we believe can be brought into production quickly and inexpensively and can be managed by the local team managing the Syracuse field. This property will be included in our Syracuse field development plans, with the current expectation of gas production to begin from Syracuse Extension 1 in Q4 of 2021."

VVC Exploration – Acquires Remaining Interest in Plateau Helium Corporation

Wed, 27 Jan 2021 15:48:53 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V: VVC ) announces that the Company, following completion of its due diligence, has closed the transaction to buy the remaining 90% interest (the " Majority Interest ") in Plateau Helium Corporation (" PHC ") from the shareholders of PHC for twenty-one million shares of VVC (the " VVC Shares "), subject to a voluntary escrow and a number of conditions. PHC is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

On November 9, 2020, the Company announced its intention to acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares of PHC. The acquisition process was initiated on December 21, 2020 when the Company acquired the first 10% of the Company. It then completed its full due diligence and has now acquired the remaining 90%. TSX Venture Exchange has approved the transaction.

PHC is a Wyoming Corporation focused on helium exploration and development, primarily in the western US. PHC's initial target project is located in Kansas and currently comprises 69 leases covering 13,760 acres known as the Syracuse Helium Project . Further information on PHC and the Project was disclosed in the news release of November 9, 2020 and December 21, 2020 .

On Closing, the Company issued 7,000,000 shares of VVC to the shareholders of PHC in exchange for the 90% interest in PHC and placed the remaining 14 million VVC Shares in escrow, which will only be released from escrow in two tranches of 7 million shares each upon completion of two predetermined benchmarks. Any of the remaining VVC Shares not released from escrow within twelve (12) months will be returned to the treasury of VVC for cancellation. The shares are subject to a Hold Period expiring on May 27, 2021.

"PHC represents a valuable addition to the Company's resource portfolio as it looks to secure a position in the now booming helium market," said Jim Culver, CEO of VVC. "The Syracuse Helium Project presents a tremendous opportunity for the Company. We are very excited about this acquisition and its prospects for VVC shareholders".

Bill Kerrigan, CEO of PHC commented "we are pleased to be associated with VVC as the interests of both Companies are well aligned. This alignment creates synergies which bode well for the success of both VVC's copper portfolio and now helium".

VVC Exploration – Closing of Samalayuca Cobre Share Acquisition and Debt Conversion of CA$583,632

Thu, 24 Dec 2020 16:16:23 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V: VVC ) announces the following:

Acquisition of 100% of Samalayuca Cobre

Pursuant to agreements entered into with three arm's length parties in August and September 2020, as per the news release of November 3, 2020, VVC completed the acquisition of 83,333 additional shares of Samalayuca Cobre S.A. de C.V. ("SCSA"), representing 66.25% of the outstanding shares of SCSA. In consideration, VVC issued 27,200,000 common shares of VVC and 32,500,000 warrants to other three shareholders of SCSA. The shares and warrants will be subject to the Statutory 4-month Hold Period in Canada expiring April 22, 2021. Each Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one additional common share of the Company at an exercise price of CA$0.06 per share until November 3, 2025. Cash payments aggregating US$750,000 will be paid on the occurrence certain pre-determined milestones.

SCSA is the owner of the Kaity Property where the Gloria Copper Project is located in Mexico. VVC will be changing its accounting treatment for SCSA and the Gloria Project in its Financial Statements going forward.

Debt Conversion

An aggregate of CA$583,632 of indebtedness, arising primarily from outstanding Debentures issued in November 2016 and December 2017, plus accrued interest, was settled today by the issuance of 8,337,600 Shares at $0.07 per share and 3,108,150 Warrants. The shares and warrants are subject to the Statutory 4-month Hold Period in Canada expiring April 24, 2021. The total shares and warrants issued were adjusted from that which was proposed in the news release of November 23, 2020.

One director of the Company participated by converting a US$50,000 Debenture plus US$6,838 in accrued interest, thereby receiving 1,055,600 shares and 336,000 warrants. All debt holders were non-residents of Canada.

Each warrant entitles the holder to purchase one additional common share of the Company at an exercise price of CA$0.10 per share for a period of 3 years expiring December 24, 2023.

VVC Exploration – Acquires 10% Minority Interest in Plateau Helium Corporation

Mon, 21 Dec 2020 17:07:08 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V: VVC ) announces that the Company has received conditional approval from the TSX Venture Exchange (“ TSXV ”) regarding a Share Purchase Agreement (“ SPA ”) with Plateau Helium Corporation (“ PHC ”) and the shareholders of PHC announced on November 9, 2020. PHC is a Wyoming Corporation focused on helium exploration and development, primarily in the western US. Pursuant to the SPA, VVC has acquired a 10% minority interest in PHC (the “ Minority Interest ”) for US$100,000. The SPA also gives VVC the right to buy the remaining 90% interest in PHC (the “ Majority Interest ”) from the shareholders of PHC for twenty-one million shares of VVC (the “ VVC Shares ”), subject to a voluntary escrow and a number of conditions. The acquisition of the Majority Interest is subject to completion of due diligence of PHC by VVC.

PHC’s initial target project is located in Kansas and currently comprises 69 leases covering 13,760 acres known as the Syracuse Helium Project (the " Project ”). Further information on PHC and the Project was disclosed in the news release of November 9, 2020 .

The Company has 20 business days to complete its due diligence and elect to acquire the Majority Interest. Should VVC proceed with the acquisition of the Majority Interest, on closing, the VVC Shares, the Majority Interest and a transfer of the Syracuse Helium Project will be held in escrow. The VVC Shares will be released from escrow in three tranches of 7 million shares each upon completion of three predetermined benchmarks. Shareholders will be advised by news release on developments regarding the transaction.

VVC Announces Debt Conversion of Outstanding Debentures

Mon, 23 Nov 2020 17:12:47 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the "Company") (TSX-V: VVC ) announces the following:

Debt Conversion

The Company wishes to settle an aggregate of up to $650,000 of indebtedness (the "Debt Conversion") by the issuance of up to 9,300,000 Shares and 9,300,000 Warrants (collectively the "Units") at $0.07 per Unit. The indebtedness is primarily a result of debentures maturing between Dec. 20, 2020 and Nov. 20, 2021. One of the Debenture holders is an insider of the Company. The transaction is subject to receiving signed subscription agreements from the debt holders and also subject to the approval of the TSX Venture Exchange.

The Company will offer the Debenture Holders the opportunity to convert the principle amount and accrued interest at a price of CA$0.07 per Unit. Each Unit would comprise one common share ("Share") and one common share purchase warrant ("Warrant") entitling the holder to purchase one additional Share of the Company for a period of three years from Closing, at an exercise price of CA$0.10 per share.

The Debt Conversion would close following receipt of the final acceptance of the TSXV. All securities to be issued pursuant to the offering will be subject to the applicable statutory, exchange and regulatory hold period of four months and any other required resale restrictions. The securities to be issued have not and will not be registered under the US Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or any state securities laws.

Risk Factors

The Company’s business involves a variety of operational, financial and regulatory risks that are typical in the natural resource industry. These risk factors are more fully described in the "Financial Instruments and Risk Management" section and the "Business Risks" section of its Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) which are prepared quarterly in conjunction with its Financial Statements and filed on SEDAR (www.sedar.com).

VVC Exploration - Share Purchase Agreement with Plateau Helium Corporation

Mon, 09 Nov 2020 17:15:57 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V: VVC ) announces that it has signed a Share Purchase Agreement (“ SPA ”) with Plateau Helium Corporation (“ PHC ”) and the shareholders of PHC. PHC is a Wyoming Corporation focused on helium exploration and development, primarily in the western US. The terms of the SPA allow VVC to acquire a 10% minority interest in PHC (the “ Minority Interest ”) for US$100,000. The SPA gives VVC the right to buy the remaining 90% interest in PHC (the “ Majority Interest ”) from the shareholders of PHC for twenty-one million shares of VVC (the “ VVC Shares ”), subject to a voluntary escrow and a number of conditions. The acquisition of the Minority Interest is subject to TSX Venture Exchange (“ TSXV ”) approval and will close as soon as approval has been obtained. The acquisition of the Majority Interest is subject to completion of due diligence of PHC by VVC and further TSXV approval.

PHC’s initial target project is located in Kansas and currently comprises 69 leases covering 13,760 acres known as the Syracuse Helium Project (the " Project ”). The property on which the Project is located (the “ Property ”) hosts more than 150 potential well sites. Historically, the acreage was explored by 5 wells, all of which either produced or tested natural gas containing helium. Initial work plan in the Project Involves reworking/re-entering and returning the 5 existing wells to production. Produced helium and natural gas will be processed and marketed via an existing pipeline system and processing plant that services the area. PHC owns a 100% working interest in the Property, subject to numerous royalties referred to below. PHC will be entitled to approximately 52.6% of the net proceeds from the first 10 wells on the Property and approximately 66.69% of the net proceeds from all remaining wells from the Project. With the existing funding available to PHC through the limited partnership financing (see below) and forward sales of helium, it is anticipated that further development will be funded without additional capital in the near term.

The Project is subject to a 17% royalty held by three parties (the “ 17% Overriding Royalty ”). PHC completed a limited partnership financing to acquire the Project and commence the rework/re-entry of the 5 existing wells. These limited partners are entitled to a royalty of 21% of the net revenue from the first 10 wells after payment of the 17% Overriding Royalty and deduction of the costs of production (the “ LP Interest ”). The Project and all helium projects acquired by PHC are also subject to a 15% royalty held by a company controlled by the shareholders of PHC (the “ 15% Royalty ”) as well as a 1% royalty held by a third-party (the “ 1% Royalty ”). The 15% Royalty and the 1% Royalty are payable on the net proceeds received by PHC after deduction of all costs of production and payment of all pre-existing royalties.

One VVC insider holds 9.5% of the LP Interest as a result of investing US$100,000. Another insider of VVC holds a 16.67% interest in the 15% Royalty. The transaction was unanimously approved by the disinterested directors of VVC. The transaction is not a related party transaction as defined in Multilateral Instrument 61 – 101 – Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions.

Following the closing of the purchase of the Minority Interest, VVC will have 45 business days to complete its due diligence and elect to acquire the Majority Interest. Should VVC proceed with the acquisition of the Majority Interest, on closing, the VVC Shares, the Majority Interest and a transfer of the Syracuse Helium Project will be held in escrow. The VVC Shares will be released from escrow in three tranches of 7 million shares each upon completion of three predetermined benchmarks.

VVC Exploration - Acquisition of Additional Shares of Samalayuca Cobre and Extension of Previously Issued Warrants

Tue, 03 Nov 2020 17:26:49 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V: VVC ) announces the following transactions.

Acquisition of Remaining Shares of Samalayuca Cobre

Through its wholly owned subsidiary, Camex Mining Development Group Inc., VVC currently owns 45,000 shares of Samalayuca Cobre S.A. de C.V. ("SCSA") representing 33.75% of the outstanding shares of SCSA (the "SCSA shares"). Pursuant to Option Agreements entered into in September 2015 with Ressources Orford Inc. ("Orford") and Inversiones Agrofinancieras de Panama, S. A. ("IAP"), the Company had options to purchase an additional 45,000 SCSA shares. The Company wished to acquire all the SCSA shares and as such entered into discussions with all the SCSA shareholders to finalize agreements to acquire the remaining 88,333 SCSA shares.

For this purpose, the Company entered into three (3) agreements, subject to approval of the TSXV Venture Exchange ("TSXV"), to acquire 88,333 SCSA shares for the aggregate consideration of $750,000, and the issuance of 27,200,000 shares of VVC ("Shares"), and 32,500,000 of Warrants of VVC ("Warrants"), as follows:

(a) With Orford to acquire 37,500 SCSA shares in consideration for cash payments of US$550,000 and the issuance of 10,000,000 Shares and 20,000,000 Warrants. The Shares and Warrants will be issued on Closing, a first payment of $150,000 will be made within 30 days following receipt the Explosive Permit in Mexico, and the remaining cash payments are to be made over a period of 19 months following the receipt of sales proceeds from the first sales of copper.

(b) With IAP to acquire 17,500 SCSA shares in consideration for the issuance of 14,200,000 Shares and 12,500,000 Warrants to be issued on Closing.

(c) With Micose S.A. de C.V. for the acquisition of 33,333 SCSA shares in consideration for cash payments of US$200,000, to be paid, half on Closing with the balance paid over a period 120 days following receipt of the Explosive Permit in Mexico, and for the issuance of 3,000,000 Shares be issued on Closing.

Each Warrant will entitle the holder to purchase an additional Share at a price of $0.06 per Share for a period of 5 years following Closing. Having received the Conditional Approval of the TSXV, the Company will proceed with the closing (the "Closing") of these three (3) transactions simultaneously at the earliest convenient time. Once completed, VVC will control 100% of SCSA. These agreements were first disclosed in news releases on September 1 and 28, 2020 .

SCSA is the owner of the Kaity Property where the Gloria Cooper Project is located. A National Instrument (NI) 43-101 Technical Report on the Kaity Property by Jacques Marchand P.Eng. Geology, dated April 21, 2019, was filed on SEDAR on May 7, 2019.

Warrant Extensions

Following an application to the TSXV announced in a news release issued on October 26, 2020 , the Company amended its application to only extend the warrants issued pursuant to equity private placements, and exclude warrants issued pursuant to debt conversions and debenture issuances. The TSXV approved the amended warrant extension and the new expiry dates are as follows:

VVC Exploration - Extension of various Warrants

Mon, 26 Oct 2020 17:35:50 GMT

VVC EXPLORATION CORPORATION [TSXV: VVC] (the "Company") announces the extension of the expiry date of the following warrants:

These warrants were attached to private placements and debt financings approved by the TSXV in November 2017, December 2017 and January 2018. The warrants are not currently in-the-money, and no warrants were exercised. An aggregate of 7.73% of these warrants are held by insiders of the Company. The warrant extension is conditional on obtaining TSXV approval.

VVC Announces New Private Placement Closing, Debt Conversion, Acquisition of Samalayuca Shares and Grant of Options

Mon, 28 Sep 2020 17:57:24 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the "Company") (TSX-V: VVC ) announces the following:

Q2 Financials

The Company's unaudited Financials for the Quarter Ended July 31, 2020 and the accompanying Management's Discussion and Analysis were filed on SEDAR on September 25 and will be uploaded to the Company's website.

Private Placement Financing

VVC has closed subscriptions on a non-brokered private placement of units of the Company at a price of CA$0.05 per Unit, whereby each Unit consists of one common share ("Share") and one common share purchase warrant ("Warrant") entitling the holder to purchase one additional Share of the Company for a period of three years from Closing, at an exercise price of CA$0.075 per share. Aggregate subscriptions amount to CA$2,876,310 (or US$2,177,000) representing 57,526,200 Units. One insider, the COB of the Company, subscribed for US$50,000. The Company will pay a Finder's Fee of US$52,150 to two arm's length finders, of which US$8,400 will be paid in cash and the balance will be settled by the issuance of 1,169,500 Shares and Warrants.

The Company expects to close the Private Placement on September 30, subject to the final acceptance of the TSXV. All securities to be issued pursuant to the offering will be subject to the applicable statutory, exchange and regulatory hold period of four months and any other required resale restrictions. The securities to be issued have not and will not be registered under the US Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or any state securities laws.

Net proceeds of the Financing, after paying the general costs of the issue and the cash portion of the Finder's Fee, will be used as needed for (a) development on the Kaity Property in Chihuahua, Mexico, including costs associated with various permits, metallurgical bench testing of the copper mineralization, and investigation, evaluation, planning and implementation of the Gloria Pilot Mining Project, (b) property option payments in Mexico, (c) reserve for future acquisitions, (d) current accounts payable, (e) general administrative expenses, and (f) working capital.

Debt Conversion

In conjunction with the Private Placement Financing, the Company is also settling an aggregate $91,205 of indebtedness by the issuance 1,824,100 Shares and 879,800 Warrants (collectively the "Units"). The Units being issued, the terms of the Warrants included in the Units and the applicable resale restrictions will the same as those for the Units issued through the Private Placement. One insider, the CEO of the Company is participating by converting $47,215 owed to him, however he will not receive any Warrants.

Acquisition of Samalayuca Shares

The Company finalized an agreement with Micose S.A. de C.V. for the acquisition of 33,333 shares of Samalayuca Cobre S.A. de C.V. ("SCSA") in consideration for cash payments of US$200,000 and issuance of 3,000,000 VVC Shares (the "VVC-Micose transaction"). Subject to all conditions precedent been satisfied in Mexico and obtaining TSXV approval, the Shares will be issued and a first payment of $100,000 made on Closing, with the remaining cash payments to be made over a period 120 days following receipt the Explosive Permit in Mexico.

The due diligence has been completed with respect to the Amending Agreement Orford and IAP (News release of September 1), and the SCSA Shares to be acquired thereunder. The Company is now proceeding with an application to the TSXV for an amendment to their approval of the previous option agreement with Orford and IAP, as reflected in the Amending Agreements. The VVC-Micose Transaction will be submitted to the TSXV at the same time. The Company expects all transactions to be completed and closed in early November, but no later than December 31, following which the Company will own all of the issued and outstanding SCSA Shares.

Stock Option Plan and Option Grants

The TSX Venture Exchange ("TSXV") has accepted for filing the Stock Option Plan ("SOP") approved by shareholders on August 28. The SOP is being filed on SEDAR and uploaded to the Company's website.

The Board granted incentive stock options ("Options") under the SOP, to officers, directors and consultants of the Company, to purchase up to an aggregate of 11,950,000 common shares, representing about 2.9% of the outstanding shares of the Company. The Options are exercisable at a price of CA$0.05 per share expiring September 28, 2030. Pursuant to the TSX Venture Exchange policies, the exercise price was fixed at the minimum allowable price. The Options, granted in accordance with the provisions of the SOP, are subject to the TSX Venture Exchange policies and the applicable securities laws. Of the Options granted, 27.2% were to Officers, 49.8% to Directors, and 23.0% to Employees/Consultants of the Company.

Risk Factors

VVC Exploration - Results of Annual Shareholders' Meeting and Acquisition of Additional Shares of Samalayuca Cobre

Tue, 01 Sep 2020 18:21:29 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (“ VVC ” or the “ Company ”) (TSX-V: VVC ) announces the following.

Shareholders' Meeting

The Company's virtual Annual General and Special Meeting of Shareholders (“AGSM”) took place virtually on August 28, 2020. At the AGSM, shareholders approved the election of all Directors proposed by Management and the re-appointment of MNP LLP as auditors of the Company. In addition, shareholders approved the 2020 Stock Option Plan (the "SOP"), with the disinterested shareholders, being the insiders of the Company, having abstained from voting. The SOP will be submitted to the TSX Venture Exchange ("TSXV") in order to obtain their acceptance, prior to being implemented and new options being granted.

The formal business session of the AGSM, was chaired by the Chairman of the Board, Terrence Martell. A Presentation and Q&A Session followed, whereby the President and CEO of the Company, Jim Culver, updated the attendees on the status of the Company, and Andre St-Michel, leading consultant to the Company in Mexico, provided a review of the Company’s Gloria Copper Pilot Mine Project and other activities in Mexico.

Both sessions of the AGSM were recorded and will be posted on the Company website, as soon as possible.

Update on Gloria Project

VVC’s Gloria Project field operations which are proximate to both El Paso TX and Juarez MX were shut down in March. Both cities have had and continue to have high levels of COVID cases and VVC has not yet been allowed to reopen field operations.

The Company’s Team in Mexico has been busy optimizing the Gloria mining plan and the recovery methodology, as well as looking for ways to extract more copper from the rock and to do so more quickly. The objective is to create more cash flow more quickly. The Team also continues to search for additional properties and sources of cash flow.

The work in the lab has been particularly important and will be key to an efficient project that recovers a very high percentage of the copper in the rock as quickly and economically as possible, once we are able to resume our activities and start the Gloria Copper Project.

After the COVID shutdown, the debt providers that we had expected to work with on the Gloria Project backed away. However, in the last month several parties have expressed interest in providing debt to the Company to build Gloria. When we have a better feel for the timing of the reopening of the Gloria project, we expect to choose a provider and complete a debt facility.

VVC owns 45,000 shares of Samalayuca Cobre S.A. de C.V. ("SCSA") representing 33.75% of the outstanding shares. Pursuant to Option Agreements entered into in September 2015 with Ressources Orford Inc. ("Orford") and Inversiones Agrofinancieras de Panama, S. A. ("IAP"), the Company had options to purchase an additional 45,000 shares of SCSA. The Company wished to acquire all the SCSA shares and as such re-negotiated the Option Agreements and entered into discussions with the other SCSA shareholder in order to acquire the remaining 33,333 SCSA shares.

Amended Agreements have been entered into and executed as follows:

(a) With Orford") to acquire 37,500 SCSA shares in consideration for cash payments of US$550,000 and the issuance of 10,000,000 VVC shares and 20,000,000 VVC warrants. The shares and warrants will be issued on Closing, a first payment of $150,000 will be made within 30 days following receipt the Explosive Permit in Mexico, and the remaining cash payments are to be made over a period of 19 months following the receipt of the first sales of copper.

(b) And with Inversiones Agrofinancieras de Panama, S. A. ("IAP") to acquire 17,500 SCSA shares in consideration for the issuance of 14,200,000 VVC shares and 12,500,000 VVC warrants to be issued on Closing:

Each warrant will entitle the holder to purchase an additional VVC Share at a price of $0.06 per share for a period of 5 years following Closing. The completion of this transaction will be subject to obtaining the requisite approval of the TSXV. Once completed, VVC will control 76.5% of SCSA.

SCSA is the owner of the Kaity Property where the Gloria Cooper Project is located. A National Instrument (NI) 4 3-101 Technical Report on the Kaity Property by Jacques Marchand P.Eng. Geology, dated April 21, 2019, was filed on SEDAR on May 7, 2019.

Other Acquisitions

The Company is looking at the possibility of staking new claims in Sinaloa State of Mexico. The area is prospective for gold, silver and copper. Further details will be announced as available.

VVC Announces New Private Placement

Tue, 25 Aug 2020 18:37:05 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (“ VVC ” or the “ Company ”) (TSX-V: VVC ) announces the following:

Private Placement Financing

VVC is raising up to CA$3.3 million (US$2.5 million) in a non-brokered private placement of units of the Company at a price of CA$0.05 per Unit. Each Unit consists of one common share and one common share purchase warrant entitling the holder to purchase one additional common share of the Company for a period of three years, at an exercise price of CA$0.075 per share. The Company will pay a Finder's Fee, not to exceed 7% of the aggregate amount raised by arm's length finders, which fee may be paid in cash or by the issuance of common shares and warrants. It is expected that a maximum of 1 million shares and warrants will be issued to the Finders.

The Company expects to close the Private Placement in early September, subject to the acceptance of TSX Venture Exchange ("TSXV"). All securities issued pursuant to the offering will be subject to the applicable statutory, exchange and regulatory hold period of four months and any other required resale restrictions.

Net proceeds of the Financing, after paying the general costs of the issue and the cash portion of the Finder's Fee, will be used will be used as needed for (a) development on the Kaity Property in Chihuahua, Mexico, including costs associated with various permits, metallurgical bench testing of the copper mineralization, and investigation, evaluation and implementation of the Gloria Pilot Mining Project, (b) option payments in Mexico, (c) current accounts payable, (d) general administrative expenses, and (e) working capital.

Annual Shareholders Meeting

The Company's shareholders' meeting (the "Meeting") will be held virtually on Friday, August 28, 2020 at 10:00 am. For more information please read the Information Circular available for download at www.vvcexpl.com/shareholder-meeting . The deadline for Proxy Voting is 10 am on Wednesday, August 26, 2020. To attend the Meeting as a shareholder or a guest, please register at https://www.vvcexpl.com/2020-agm-register .

Following the formal business session, management will present an update on the Samalayuca Project and other Company activities, and will be available to answer questions from shareholders, subject of course to respecting Securities Laws regarding “Selective Disclosure”.

Risk Factors

VVC Updates on Gloria Project, Private Placement Financing and Other Matters

Thu, 04 Jun 2020 18:47:45 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (“ VVC ” or the “ Company ”) (TSX‑V: VVC) wishes to provide the following updates:

Financial Statements

VVC filed its Financial Statements and Management's Discussion & Analysis (collectively the "Financials") for year ended January 31, 2020, on May 29, 2020. The Financials are available for download from the Company's website or from SEDAR ( www.sedar.com ).

VVC's Covid-19 Preparedness Plan

The Company expects to reopen the Gloria Copper Project, located in northern Chihuahua State, MX in June, once the Mexican authorities have granted permission. In preparation for the re-opening, VVC is purchasing 2,250 face masks and face shields for our employees. Throughout the pandemic, VVC has provided food and other supplies to the local community in Samalayuca, through the local "Solidarity Pantries Campaign". The Company is committed to providing the safest possible working environment for its workers while continuing to support the most vulnerable in the local community.

Metallurgical Testing - Gloria Project

Prior to the pandemic, VVC was using an on-site lab to evaluate copper recovery processes for heap leaching at the Gloria Project, with the objective of decreasing residence time, and increasing recoveries thereby reducing costs and hopefully increasing profitability. Further testing has been delayed due to the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic and resulting shut-down, however plans are to continue to refine the recovery process once permission is granted for a restart.

The metallurgical testing was carried out in-house under the supervision of Everardo Morga Monárrez, a Senior Metallurgist from Hermosillo, México. If the metallurgical tests are successful and can be applied to the pilot mining / processing plan, a comprehensive 43-101 compliant report and news release will be issued to disclose the results and conclusions of the metallurgical test work.

No independent National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101) compatible Feasibility Study (FS), Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS), Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) or other economic assessment has been carried out on the project or the metallurgical testing, and therefore, there is no independent confirmation of copper recoveries or that the project will be economic.

Private Placement Financing

On March 23, 2020 , VVC announced the closing of Tranche 1 of a non-brokered Private Placement financing of CA$951,560 (about US$722,000) representing an aggregate of 19,031,200 Units at a price of CA$0.05 per Unit. Each Unit consists of one common share ("Share") and one-half of one common share purchase warrant (Warrant"), each full Warrant entitling the holder to purchase one additional Share of the Company at an exercise price of CA$0.06 per Share for a period of three years, expiring on March 25, 2023.

VVC has now closed Tranche 2 for an additional CA$228,340 (US$165,000) representing 4,566,800 Units. The total financing was $1,179,900 (about US$887,000) representing an aggregate of 23,598,000 Units. The Company will also be issuing 312,300 Units to Novis Partners LLC, as a Finder's Fee, in addition to a CA$66,512 (US$ 50,000) cash payment.

The proceeds of the Financing are for development on the Kaity Property in Chihuahua, Mexico, including costs associated with various permits, metallurgical bench testing of the copper mineralization, and investigation, evaluation and implementation of the Gloria Pilot Mining Project. In addition, the proceeds are being used for option payments in Mexico, current accounts payable, general administrative expenses, and working capital as needed.

The TSX Venture Exchange ("TSXV") conditionally accepted this Private Placement. The Units for Tranche 2 will be issued later this week following the TSXV final acceptance. All securities issued pursuant to the Financing are subject to the applicable statutory, exchange and regulatory hold period of four months and any other required resale restrictions.

As the economy is starting to reopen, VVC intends to start a new Financing Campaign shortly, in order to raise up to CA$1 million, along the same terms as the current Private Placement financing. Shareholders will be updated on this financing in future news releases.

VVC Exploration – Closing of Private Placement Financing

Mon, 23 Mar 2020 19:10:45 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (" VVC " or the " Company ") (TSX-V: VVC ) announces the following:

Private Placement Financing

VVC closed subscriptions for Tranche 1 of a non-brokered Private Placement financing, previously announced on February 5, 2020 . To-date, VVC raised CA$951,560 (about US$722,000) and will issue to the placees an aggregate of 19,031,200 Units at a price of CA$0.05 per Unit. Each Unit consists of one common share ("Share") and one-half of one common share purchase warrant (Warrant"), each full Warrant entitling the holder to purchase one additional Share of the Company at an exercise price of CA$0.06 per Share for a period of three years.

The proceeds of the Financing are for development on the Kaity Property in Mexico, including costs associated with various permits, metallurgical bench testing of the copper mineralization, and investigation, evaluation and implementation of the Gloria Pilot Mining Project. In addition, the proceeds are being used for option payments in Mexico, current accounts payable, general administrative expenses, and working capital as needed.

The TSX Venture Exchange ("TSXV") conditionally accepted this Private Placement. The Company has requested an extension of 30 days in order to finalize and close a second tranche. The Company expects to raise an additional $200,000 to $500,000 within the next 30 days.

The Units for Tranche 1 will be issued later this week following the TSXV granting the extension. All securities issued pursuant to the Financing will be subject to the applicable statutory, exchange and regulatory hold period of four months and any other required resale restrictions. The Finder's Fee will be paid on Final Closing.

VVC Announces Private Placement and Debt Financings

Wed, 05 Feb 2020 19:17:11 GMT

VVC Exploration Corporation (“ VVC ” or the “ Company ”) (TSX-V: VVC ) announces the following:

Private Placement Financing

VVC is raising up to CA$2.0 million (US$1.5 million) in a non-brokered private placement of units of the Company at a price of CA$0.05 per Unit. Each Unit consists of one common share and one-half of one common share purchase warrant entitling the holder to purchase one additional common share of the Company for a period of three years, at an exercise price of CA$0.06 per share. The Company will pay a Finder's Fee, not to exceed 7% of the aggregate amount raised by the Finder, which fee may be paid in cash or by the issuance of up to 2,800,000 common shares and 1,400,000 warrants.

The Company expects to close the Private Placement in February 2020.

Debt Financing – 5-Year Note

VVC is also raising up to US$7.5 million in a 5-Year Note Debt Financing, with a Par Value of US$8.4 million, on a non-brokered private placement basis, with a Final Closing expected on April 30, 2020, with 2 possible earlier Closings. Each $100,000 unit (Par Value $112,00) comprises (i) one Promissory Note of US$112,000 Par Value and (ii) 200,000 VVC share purchase warrants ("Warrants") to purchase VVC shares at the greater of the Market Price at time of Closing or CA$0.06 expiring five years following the first Closing. Twelve Percent (12%) interest on the Par Value to start accruing on March 31, 2021, and to be payable quarterly with first payment due on June 30, 2021.

A Finder's Fee of up to 4% may be paid to qualified arm's-length person instrumental in introducing investors to the Company. In addition, the Finders could receive 25,000 Warrants for every Unit subscription received before February 28, 2020 and 12,500 Warrants for every Unit subscription received thereafter.

The total number of warrants to be issued to the investors and to Finders must not exceed the allowable amount under TSXV Policy 5.1 which will depend on the Market Price at each Closing. However, it is unlikely that the number of warrants to be issued at each Closing will exceed the said limits.

Other

Net proceeds of both Financings, after paying the general costs of the issue and the cash portion of the Finder's Fee, will be used for (i) the development of a Pilot Mine at the Company’s Gloria Copper Project in Chihuahua, State, Mexico, (ii) all Pilot Mine start-up costs, including but not limited to equipment, construction, supervision, and community activism, (iii) maintenance fees, permitting fees, exploration and option payments on all of the Company’s current and future mining projects, and, (iv) current accounts payable, (v) current general administrative expenses in Canada and in Mexico, and (v) working capital.

Only Accredited Investors can participate in these Financings. Both Financings are subject to the acceptance of TSX Venture Exchange ("TSXV").

Risk Factors

The Company’s business involves a variety of operational, financial and regulatory risks that are typical in the natural resource industry. The plans for the Company's proposed Pilot Mining Operation, including the economic case for it, have been prepared internally by the management team. No independent National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101) compatible Feasibility Study (FS), Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS), Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) or other economic assessment has been carried out on the project, and therefore, there is no independent confirmation that the project will be economic.

The Company is exposed to price risk with respect to commodity price movements and volatilities, in particular, the variability of copper prices.

The Company will attempt to mitigate these risks and minimize their effect on its financial performance, but there is no guarantee that the Company will be profitable in the future, and investment in the Financing should be considered speculative.

The Corporation is subject to many other risk factors that are more fully described in the "Financial Instruments and Risk Management" section and the "Business Risks" section of its Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) which are prepared quarterly in conjunction with its Financial Statements and filed on SEDAR ( www.sedar.com ).

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